| A | B |
|---|
| Apennines | Mountain range that runs all the way down the boot of Italy from north to south |
| Latium | Plain in central Italy in which Latin-speaking people built the city of Rome |
| Tiber River | Gave Romans a source of water and a way to the rest of the Mediterranean world |
| Aeneas | Trojan hero in the story of Aeneid |
| Etruscans | Along with the Greeks, played a major role in shaping Roman civilization |
| Etruria | North of Rome where the Etruscans lived |
| Republic | Form of government in which the leader is not a king or queen but someone put in office by citizens with the right to vote |
| Legions | Reorganized group of soldiers from a big group to a smaller group |
| Patricians | Wealthy landowners |
| Plebeians | Group that included artisans, shopkeepers, and owners of small farms |
| Consuls | In the Roman Republic, these were the top government officials |
| Veto | To reject a decision |
| Praetors | Important officials whose main job was to interpret the law and act as judges in court cases |
| Dictator | In Rome had complete control, but also served the people and ruled on a temporary basis during emergencies |
| Cincinnatus | Best known early Roman dictator |
| Carthage | A state on the coast of North Africa founded around 800 B.C. by the Phoenicians |
| Hannibal | Carthage's greatest general sent to attack Rome in 218 B.C., which started the Punic War |
| Scipio | General that led a Roman force to invade Carthage in 202 B.C. |
| Zama | Scipio's troops defeated the Carthaginians at this battle |
| Latifundia | Large farming estates |
| Triumvirate | Political alliance of three people |
| Rubicon | A small river at the southern boundary of his command area |
| Octavian | Caesar's grandnephew who had inherited Caesar's top generals |
| Antony | One of Caesar's top generals, helped create the Second Triumvirate in 43 B.C. |
| Actium | Battle off the west coast of Greece where Octavian crushed the army and navy of Antony and Cleopatra |
| Pax Romana | Long era of peace that began with Augustus and lasted until A.D. 180, also known as "Roman Peace" |
| Aqueduct | Human-made channel for carrying water long distances |
| Puteoli | One of the largest port cities on the Bay of Naples |
| Ostia | One of the largest port cities at the mouth of the Tiber |
| Currency | System of money |
