| A | B |
|---|
| Charles Martel | Wanted to unite all the Frankish nobles under his rule, most powerful of all the mayors |
| Clovis | King of the Franks during the A.D. 400s |
| Charlemagne | Invaded Spain and gained control of the northeastern corner for the Muslims, and in A.D. 800 his kingdom had grown into an empire. Also known as Charles the Great |
| Aachen | Was made the capital of Charlemagne's empire |
| Fjords | Steep-sided valleys that are inlets of the sea |
| Otto I | One of the stronger kings of Germany, fought the Magyars and sent troops into Italy to protect the pope |
| Holy Roman Empire | Otto's territory which included most of Germany and northern Italy |
| Gregory the Great | Wanted all of Europe to become Christian and asked monks to become missionaries |
| Missionaries | People who are sent out to teach their religion |
| Excommunicate | To exclude a person from church membership |
| Concordat | An agreement between the pope and the ruler of a country |
| Feudalism | Under this, landowning nobles governed and protected the people in return for services, such as fighting in a noble's army or farming the land |
| Vassal | Noble who served a lord of higher rank |
| Fief | Grant to a vassal |
| Knights | Warriors in armor who fought on horseback |
| Venice | City in Italy that became wealthy from trade and became a major trading center by A.D. 1000 |
| Flanders | Today is part of Belgium, towns in this area became the center of trade for northern Europe |
| Guilds | Business groups |
| Normandy | Part of Western France across the English Channel from England that was conquered by the Vikings in A.D. 900 |
| Grand Jury | Decided whether people should be accused of a crime |
| King John | Raised taxes in England and punished his enemies without trials |
| Clergy | People who have been ordained as priests |
| Moscow | Located at the crossroads of several important trade routes in Europe |
| Saladin | Muslim that became ruler of Egypt in 1174 |
| Mass | Catholic worship service |
| Francis of Assisi | The first order of the friars was founded by this person in 1209 |
| Heresy | Religious beliefs that conflict with Church teachings |
| Anti-Semitism | Hatred of Jews |
| Bologna | Where two of the first European universities were located |
| Scholasticism | A new way of thinking |
| Thomas Aquinas | Scholasticism's greatest champion. He is best known for combining Church teachings with the ideas of Aristotle |
| Theology | The study of religion and God |
| Vernacular | Everyday worldly language |
| Plague | Disease that spreads quickly and kills many people |
| Crecy | Where the first major battle of the Hundred Years' War took place |
| Reconquista | Means "reconquest" |
