| A | B |
|---|
| reflex | a single or simple response controlled by the ANS and occurs the same way each time |
| fixed-action pattern | inherited sequence of coplex responses by al members of a species, the same way each time |
| maturation | an orderly sequence of changes to nervous system (programmed into genes) as organism matures |
| classical conditioning (neutral stimulus (ns)) | presentation does not cause ucr |
| classical conditioning (unconditioned stimulus (ucs)) | stimulus that produces automatic or reflexive response (ucr) |
| classical conditioning (unconditioned response (ucr)) | automatic/reflexive response following presentation of ucs |
| classical conditioning (conditioned stimulus (cs)) | repeated association with ucs leads to response very similar to ucr when presented alone |
| classical conditioning (conditioned response (cr)) | learned response produced by cs |
| classical conditioning (acquisition) | cs then ucs together in sequence |
| classical conditioning (extinction) | gradual decrease/strength of cr without ucs |
| classical conditioning (spontaneous recovery) | recurrence of cr following cs after a period of rest |
| classical conditioning (stimulus discrimination) | cr occurs following only the cs and no other similar stimuli |
| classical conditioning (stimulus generalisation) | cr occurs following stimuli similar to original cs |
| classical conditioning (role of learner) | passive |
| classical conditioning (order of stimulus and response) | cs/ucs comes before ucr |
| classical conditioning (timing of stimulus and response) | slight overlap between presentation of cs and ucs speeds up acquisition |
| classical conditioning (nature of response) | involuntary |
| one-trial learning | a form of learning involving a change in behaviour (the avoidance of cs) that occurs with only one experience, or pairing of cs and ucs leading to undesirable ucr. the cr is avoidance of the cs. |
| how one-trial learning differs from classical conditioning | only one pairing between cs and ucs required, ucr does not need to occur immediately after cs, cr is quite resistant to extinction, cs generalisation is uncommon |
| conditioned emotional response | when the ucr and cr is emotional, as in fear or anger |
| aversion therapy | a form of behaviour therapy that applies classical conditioning principles to discourage undesirable behaviour by pairing it with an aversive stimulus |
| systematic desensitisation | a kind of behaviour therapy using principles of classical conditioning that attempts to replace an anxiety/fear with a relaxation response |
| ethics (integrity) | study tests what it sets out to and reports accurately |
| ethics (beneficence) | harm to participant weighed against benefit to society |
| ethics (respect for persons) | welfare of the participant is upheld at all times |
| ethics (justice) | participants are chosen equitably |
| trial and error learning | an organism attempts to learn, or solve a problem, by trying alternative possibilities until a correct solution or desired outcome is achieved |
| trial and error leraning (law of effect) | behaviour followed by a 'satisfying' consequence is strengthened (more likely to occur), and behaviour followed by an 'unsatisfying' consequence is weakened (less likely to reoccur) |
| operant conditioning (ABC - antecedent) | events/context precedes behaviour |
| operant conditioning (ABC - behaviour) | influenced by antecedent and consequence |
| operant conditioning (ABC - consequence) | a reward (reinforcer) or punishment following a behaviour) |
| operant conditioning (positive reinforcer) | strengthens desirable behaviour by adding desirable consequence |
| operant conditioning (negative reinforcer) | strengthens desirable beaviour by taking away undesirable consequence |
| operant conditioning (punishment (negative)) | weakens undesirable behaviour by adding undesirable consequence) |
| operant conditioning (punishment (response cost)) | weakens undesirable behaviour by taking away desirable consequence) |
| operant conditioning (acquisition) | establishment of behaviour through reinforcement |
| operant conditioning (shaping) | reward successive approximations heading towards coplex desired behaviour |
| operant conditioning (extinction) | gradual decrease of behaviour following non-reinforcement |
| operant conditioning (spontaneous recovery) | short-lived/weaker target behaviour without reinforcer |
| operant conditioning (stimulus discrimination) | only responds to original reinforcer during acquisition |
| operant conditioning (stimulus generalisation) | performs behaviour for reinforcer similar to one used during acquisition |
| operant conditioning (role of learner) | active |
| operant conditioning (order of stimulus and response) | reinforcer comes after behaviour |
| operant conditioning (timing of stimulus and response) | continuous reinforcement for speedy acquisition of cr, and partial reinforcement maintains, increases or strengthens cr |
| operant conditioning (nature of response) | voluntary |
| observational learning (bobo doll) | children who saw footage of a model being rewarded or receiving no consequence they demonstrated more acts of aggression |
| observational learning (attention) | paid attention and closely watched models behaviour |
| observational learning (retention) | created cognitive representation of what was seen |
| observational learning (reproduction) | was physically able to perform modelled behaviour |
| observational learning (motivation) | actually wanted to imitate the model's behaviour |
| observational learning (reinforcement/punishment) | provided with an incentive for modelling behaviour |
| learning set | a set of skills and knowledge about how to do something (like a procedural memory) that can be applied in other situations |
| learning set (learning how to learn) | the transfer of an existing set of skills and knowledge to a new but similar situation |
| learning set (positive transfer of learning) | if an existing set of skills and knowledge enhances ability to perform a new but similar situation |
| learning set (negative transfer of learning) | if an existing set of skills and knowledge decreases ability to perform a new but similar situation |
