| A | B |
|---|
| renaissance | rebirth |
| florence | three main Italian city states in which the Renaissance began |
| Polotically | renaissance Florence was ruled by wealthy merchant families like the Medici |
| Economic | development was based on shipping trade with the Byzantine and Islamic Empires as well as trage with Enland and the Netherlands |
| Socially | the Renaissance was a time of recovery from a period dominated by the Black Plague and political instability |
| Machiavelli | "Renaissance Man" ofFlorence who is most well known for his political writing |
| Renaissance | term coined to describe a well educated person who exceis in multiple fields and has many talents |
| Leonardo da Vinci* | viewed as the original "renaissance man" for his experise in painting, sculpting, engineering, physics, anatomy and other subjects |
| Michelangelo | a Renaissance artist who is best known for his idealized paintings and sculptures of the human form |
| Humanists | studied the history, philosophy, and poetry of the ancient Greeks and Romans |
| petrarch | argued that no confict existed between secular achievements and a person;s relationship with God |
| Dante | took the humanist ideas of his contemporaries and incorporated them into literature written in the common language of his day |
| Erasmus | Dutch Christian Humanist who believed in reforming the Catholic Church from within the institution |
| Protestant Reformation | movement against certain practices of the Catholic Church Which had dominated religious Practice and Politics in Europe during for hundreds of years |
| Martin Luther's ideas | began the protestant Reformation; posted, printed, and distributed his <95 Theses> attacking the pracitce of selling Indulgences for the release of punishment for sin |
| John Calvin | anearly conbert to protestantism; wrote a summary of Protestant beliefs that established him as a leader within the faith |
| Henry VII | intent on dicorcing his Queen and gaining access ro valuable Catholic properties for his wealthy subjects, established a protestant church in England called the Anglican Church |
| Johannes Gutenberg | printed the first Bible in Europe made with moveable type |
| Jesuits | a group of Catholics who beieved in restoring Catholicism to newly Protestant areas of Europe |
| Council of Trent | a body of Catholic Dishops who met over a period of 18 years to work on reforming corrupt practices within the faith |
| Vasco da Gama's | voyages to Eastern Africa and Western India helped Portugal establish key postions along the Indian Ocean |
| Christopher Columbus | an Italian sailing under the flag of Spain, set out to find a westward route from Spain to India |
| Ferdinand Magellan | sailing under the flag of Spain, was the first European to lesd an expedition that successfully circummavigated the earth |
| Samuel de Champlain | sailing under the French flage, established the first French Colony in what would become North America |
| Mercantilism | the colonies established by Europe during the Age of Exploration became a key component in the European pursuit |
| Columbian Exchange | refers to the large-scale exchange of plants, diseases, animals, and people between the eastern and western hemispheres following Columbus'first voyage to what would become known as the Americas |
| Astrolabe | the age of exploration and discovery was made possible because of new technology; one of the main inventions advancing travel by sea |
| Copernicus | believed in a heliocentric solar system rather than geocentric solar system |
| Galileo | Galilei was able to prove Copernicus's throry of a heliocentric solar system |
| Kepler | an astronomer who believed that the planets in the solar system moved in an elliptical orbit around the sun |
| Newton | considered the father of Calculus, which became the mathematical language of science |
| Virginia | the first permanent English colony in North America |
| Virginia Company | an English firm that planned to make money by sending people to America to find gold and other valuable reaouces and then ship the resources back to England |
| House of Burgesses | the first European-type legislative body in the New world |
| Tobacco | quickly became a major cash crop and an important source of wralth in Virginia |
| Powhatan | Native Americans had lived for centuries on the land the Wnglish settlers called Virginia |
| Bacon's Rebellion | the landless rebels wanted harsher action against the Native Americans so more land would be available to the colonists |
| New England | colonies were established by the Puritans in present-day Massachusetts |
| Rhode Island | founded by religious dissenters from Massachusetts who were more tolerant of different religious beliefs |
| Town meetings | unless the king had established control over the colony |
| Half -way covenant | developed in reponse to the declining church membership |
| Massachusetts charter | in 1686, the British King canceled, that made it an independent colony |
| Salem witch trials | in the 1690, took place |
| Pennsylvania | located in the terriory between New England and Virginia, was a colony founded by the religiousy to lerant Quakers, led by William Penn |
