| A | B |
|---|
| joint stock company | form of business organization in which many investors pool funds for large projects |
| John Rolfe | developed a new curing method for tobacco and shipped that tobacco to England in 1614 |
| conquistadors | men in expeditions that conquered regions in Mexico |
| presidios | Spanish forts |
| hidalgos | working-class tradespeople |
| encomienda | a system of rewarding conquistadors tracts of land, including the right to tax and exact labor from Native Americans |
| haciendas | a huge ranch |
| vaqueros | men who herded cattle on haciendas |
| Northwest passage | the northern route through North America to the Pacific Ocean |
| Francisco Pizarro | Spanish army captain that explored South America's west coast where the Inca lived |
| Puritans | someone who wanted to purify the Anglican Church during the 1500s and 1600s |
| privateers | privately owned ships licensed by the government to attack ships of other countries |
| House of Burgesses | the assembly of the Virginia Company |
| headrights | system in which settlers were granted land in exchange for settling in Virginia |
| proprietary colony | a colony owned by an individual |
| John Cabot | traveled across Atlantic Ocean sent by King Henry VII of England-he landed at Nova Scotia |
| Walter Raleigh | chartered ships that discovered Roanoke-knighted by Queen Elizabeth |
| Powhatan Confederacy | Native Americans living in region around Jamestown |
| Seperatist | a Puritan who broke away from the Anglican Church |
| Pilgrims | a Separatist who journeyed to the American colonies in the 1600s for religious freedom |
| heretic | a dissenter from established church beliefs |
| William Bradford | leader in the Plymoutn colony that built a common house |
| Squanto | Native American who taught the pilgrims to plant corn, hunt and fish |
| Anne Hutchinson | banished for heresy because she claimed God spoke to her |
| John Winthrop | a wealthy attorney and stockholder for the Massachusetts Bay Complany |
| Roger Williams | young minister who taught to the seperatist |
| James Oglethorpe | convinced King George to begin a colony where the poor could start over called Georgia |
| pacifism | opposition to war or violence as a means to settle disputes |
| William Penn | received land grant from the king in settlement of debt owed to him-founded Pennsylvania |
| Restoration | England 1660 Parliament re-established the monarchy by naming King Charles II to the throne |
| English Civil War | began in 1642-King Charles I sent troops to arrest Puritan leaders & Parliament organized own army to fight him |
| cash crop | grown primarily for market |
| plantations | large commercial estates where many laborers lived on the land and cultivated the crops for landowners |
| indentured servants | an individual who contracts to work for a colonist for a specified number of years in exchange for transportation to the colonies, food, clothing, and shelter |
| gentry | wealthy landowners in the South, also called the planter elite |
| subsistence farming | farming only enough food to feed one's family |
| Middle Passage | the difficult journey slaves endured in crossing the Atlantic Ocean to the Americans |
| slave code | set of laws that formally regulated slavery and defined the relationship between enslaved Africans and free people |
| Eliza Lucas | 17-year-old that discovered in the early 1740s that indigo needed high ground and sandy soil |
| Sir William Berkeley | governor of Virginia in 1660s that along with wealthy planters dominated society |
| selectmen | men chosed to manage a town's affairs |
| bills of exchange | credit slip given by English merchants to planters in exchange for sugar or other goods |
| triangular trade | a three-way trade route that exchanged goods between the American colonies and two other trading partners |
| artisan | a skilled worker who practices a trade or handicraft |
| entrepreneur | one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise |
| capitalist | person who invests wealth, particularly money, in a business |
| meetinghouse | a Puritan church |
| Grand Banks | shallow region in the Atlantic Ocean where the mixing of the warm Gulf Stream and the cold North Atlantic produce environment suitable for plankton |
