| A | B |
|---|
| All living things are made of .. | matter |
| The amount of matter in an object is ... | mass |
| gravity acting on that given mass is ... | weight |
| the simplest type of matter is ... | elements |
| elements are | oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen |
| the smallest particle of an element is ... | atom |
| The element we breath is ... | oxygen |
| Oxygen is made of | two atoms |
| Elements are composed of atoms | of one kind only |
| Carbon Dioxide (CO2) | two elements, but three atoms |
| Neutron | no electric charge |
| Proton | one positive charge |
| electron | one negative charge |
| The number of protons in an atom | equal the number of electrons |
| Protons and neutrons | form the nucleus |
| Atomic Number | equal the number of protons in each atom |
| The number of protons | is how elements are identified |
| Mass Number | number of protons and neutrons |
| Isotopes | elements that have different forms |
| some elements (Isotopes) can have more ... | neutrons but the same neutrons |
| Elements with more neutrons but the same number of protons are ... | isotopes |
| Isotopes | have the same atomic number but a different mass number |
| Electron surround the ... | nucleus |
| Electrons either ... | repel, transfer or connect itself to other elements |
| Chemical bonding | when electrons repel, transfer or connect to other elements |
| two types of chemical bonding | Ionic bonding and covalent bonding |
| Ionic bonding | when an atom ganes or losses an electron |
| After gaining or losing an electron, an atom ... | has a charge |
| Ion | atom with a charge because it gained or lost an electron |
| Two types of ion | Catiion and Anion |
| Cation | positive |
| Anion | negative |
| Positive ion charge means | lost an electron |
| Negative ion charge means | gain an electron |
| opposite charges | attract |
| cations bind to | anions |
| anions bind to | cations |
| Covalent bonding | atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
| Molecule | covalent bonding - sharing one or more electrons |
| H20 is a | molecule |
| Na+ | Positive ion |
| Cl- | Negative ion |
| Water | H20 |
| NaCl | salt |
| one negative + one positive = Na+ + Cl- | example of ionic bonding |
| H20 shares electrons so it is an example of | covalent bonding |
| Dissociation | When ionic compounds dissolve in water and the ions disperse or dissociate |
| salt in water is an example of | dissociation |
| salt in water disperses or dissociates to become | Na+ and Cl- |
| When salt is added to water the Na+ | is attracted to the oxygen portion (O) |
| When salt is added to water the Cl- | is attracted to the hydrogen (H) |
| Atoms that dissociate in water are | called electrolytes b/c they conduct electric current (flow of charged particles) |
| An electric current is a | flow of charged particles |
| Energy is | the capacity to do work |
| Moving matter is a form of | energy |
| The 2 kinds of energy are | Kinetic and potential |
| Kinetic energy | used to move matter |
| Potential energy | stored energy |
| Mechanical energy | results from the position or movement of objects |
| chemical energy | store from the interaction of ions |
| Adenosine triiphosphate (ATP) | molecule important in the transfer of energy into cells |
| After energy is transferred the ATP becomes | ADP |
| potential energy is stored in | ATP |
| ADP covalently bonds to energy which is | broken down food molecules |
| the change from ATP to ADP | releases energy |
| The rate of a chemical reaction is determined by | how easily substances react with each other, the concentration, the temperature and presence of a catalyst |
| catalyst, concentration, reaction, temperature | effect the rate of a chemical reaction |
| Concentration | the greater the concentration, the faster the reaction |
| With greater concentrations the reaction is faster because... | molecules are closer together |
| Our bodies have a lot of oxygen so it is ... | able to react easier |
| Less oxygen in our bodies would make it ... | harder to sustain life |
| an increase in temperature | makes chem. reactions faster |
| a decrease in temperature | slow chem. reactions down |
| catalyst | a substance that speeds up a chem. reaction without being changed or depleted. |
| pH refers to ... | acids and bases |
| Acid | give protons away in water (H+ wants neg. charges) |
| Bases | take protons away in water (OH- wants positive charges) |
| Stong acids and bases do what in water? | dissociate |
| the stronger the acids and bases ... | the more they dissociate |
| HCl- (hydrogen chloride) | dissociates in fluid you drink and digests food |
| pH scale | ranges from 0-14 |
| indicates H+ concentration of a solution | pH |
| Neutral pH | pure water |
| equal number of H+ and OH- with pH of 7 | neutral PH |
| pH less than 7 and more H+ ions | acidic |
| pH greater than 7 and has fewer H+ and more OH- | basic |
| salts | made from strong acids and strong bases dissociating in water |
| HCl + NaOH -> NaCl + Water | makes a salt |
| buffers | chemicals that resist changed in pH when either an acid or base is added |
| binds acids or bases so pH doesn't change | buffer |
| the body likes ... | consistency |
| constantly changing pH is ... to the body | dangerous |
| _____ prevent constantly changing pH in the body | buffers |
| oxygen (02) | a molecule made of 2 oxygen atoms |
| required by humans in the final step of chemical reactiions where energy is extracted from food molecules to make ATP | oxygen (O2) |
| carbon dioxide (C02) | made up of one carbon and two oxygen atoms |
| made in the body when molecules are ingested into cells and transported to the lungs to be sent out of the body | carbon dioxide (CO2) |
| Water | one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms |
| wate is necessary for ... | stabilizes temperature, protection, chemical reactions, transport |
| water can absorb a lot of heat | the body uses water to stabilize temperature |
| water is a good lubricant (tears, cushion organs) | the body uses water for protection |
| digestion needs water | the body uses water for chemical reactions |
| substances dissolve in water and move from place to place (blood) | the body uses water for transport |
| carbohydrates | made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms |
| three types of carbohydrates | monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
| monosaccharide | simple sugars (glucose) |
| glucose | the most important sugar in our body |
| most of our energy comes from | glucose (a monosaccharide or simple sugar) |
| disaccharide | two monosaccharides connected |
| polysaccharide | many monosaccharides connected |
| polysaccharide of gluecose | glycogen |
| glycogen | an energy storage molecule |
| lipids | substance that does NOT dissolve in water |
| fats, phospholipids, steriods | lipids |
| chemical bonds of ingested food can be stored for use later is ... | fat |
| fat | chemical bonds of food which is stored for energy |
| fat also provides ... | protection for organs |
| two things that protect organs | water and fat |
| phospholipids | make up our cell membranes |
| phospholipids have two parts | head and tail |
| the head of a phospholipid is ... | hydrophilic - attracts water |
| hydrophilic means | attracts water |
| the tail of a phospholipid is ... | hydrophobic - repels water |
| hydrophobic means | repels water |
| hydro... means | water |
| ...phobic means | repels |
| ...philic means | attracts |
| proteins are made up of ... | building blocks of amino acids |
| the sequence of amino acids determine the ... | protein |
| how many amino acids are there? | twenty different types |
| protein functions: | enzymes, frame work, muscle contractions |
| enzymes | proteins that regulate the rate of chemical reactions |
| frame work of the body tissues | made of proteins |
| proteins cause _____ in muscles | contractions |
| protein catalyst that increases the rate of a reaction without being changed or used up | enzyme |
| enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by .... | lowering the activation energy (the amount of energy to get it started) |
| activation energy | minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
| heat from a spark activates the energy between oxygen and gasoline | an example of activation energy |
| most chemical reactions in the body have a ____ activation energy | high |
| enzymes decrease the _____ | amount of activation energy needed |
| enzymes acclerate reactions up to ____ | a million times |
| enzymes have a _____ shape for a _____ reaction | specific |
| Enzymes have a specific shape for a ... | specific use |
| each door has a specific key | keys are like enzymes - they only fit one door or have one use |
| DNA and RNA | hold genetic information to make amino acids |
| our bodies are made up of ... | proteins |
| DNA and RNA are like | recipes for amino acids |
| amino acids are like | building blocks for proteins |
| DNA | holds the codes to all building blocks |
| RNA is ... | the copy that DNA makes |
| DNA amino acids are: | cytosine, guanine, thymine, adenine |
| cytosine, guanine, thymine, adenine | amino acids of DNA |
