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| Gestalt psychology | gestaltism (German: Gestalt - "essence or shape of an entity's complete form") of the Berlin School is a theory of mind and brain positing that the operational principle of the brain is holistic, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies. |
| Gestalt theory | The phrase "The whole is greater than the sum of the parts" is often used when explaining this theory. |
| gestaltism | In psychology, this approach is often opposed to structuralism and Wundt. |
| Max Wertheimer | Insisted that the "Gestalt" is perceptually primary, defining the parts of which it was composed, rather than being a secondary quality that emerges from those parts. |
| Gestalt [German] | "essence or shape of an entity's complete form" |
| Jean Piaget | Is associated with structuralism. |
| Jean Piaget considers | [S]tructuralism as "a method and not a doctrine" |
| Wilhelm Wundt | [I]n 1879, he founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research in Leipzig. |
| Behaviorism | [U]ses techniques based on theories of operant conditioning, classical conditioning and social learning theory. Major contributors included Joseph Wolpe, Hans Eysenck, and B.F. Skinner. Watson & Pavlov |
| John Watson & Ivan Pavlov | These behaviorists saw the nervous system as rather simple, and according to them learning is formed by reward and punishment. |
| Cognitive psychology | Uses scientific methology and explicitly acknowledges the existence of internal mental states (such as belief, desire and motivation). |
| Mary Calkins | (1863–1930) was an American philosopher and psychologist. Permitted to study with men [unregistered student] in class taught by Wm. James. She worked with Edmund James to set up the first psychology lab at Wellesley College. In 1905, Calkins was elected president of the American Psychological Association. Research professor in 1929 at Wellesley. |
| Social learning theory | This theory focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context. It considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modeling. |
| Social learning | 4 conditions are important: pay attention; remember; ability to mimic; motivated to do it. |
| psychoanalytic theorist | The psychoanalytic view holds that there are inner forces outside of your awareness that are directing your behavior. |
| Sigmund Freud | His psychoanalytic theories were considered shocking at the time and continue to create debate and controversy. |
| Freud relied heavily upon | his observations and case studies of his patients when he formed his theory of personality development. |
| Humanistic psychology | Includes Developmental theory of Abraham Maslow, emphazising a hierarchy of needs and motivations, person-centered or client-centered therapy of Carl Rogers, which is centered on the clients' capacity for self-direction and understanding of his/her own development. Also Gestalt & Self-help. |
| Rogers | suggested that the client, by establishing a relationship with an understanding, accepting therapist, can resolve difficulties and gain the insight necessary to restructure their life. |
| Carl Rogers | The person-centered approach, his own unique approach to understanding personality and human relationships, found wide application in various domains such as psychotherapy and counseling (client-centered therapy), education (student-centered learning), |
| Biological Perspective | referred to as biopsychology or physiological psychology, this perspective emphasizes the physical and biological bases of behavior. |
| Behavioral Perspective | is still concerned with how behaviors are learned and reinforced. |
| Cognitive Perspective | focuses on mental processes such as memory, thinking, problem solving, language and decision-making. Influenced by psychologists such as Jean Piaget and Albert Bandura, |
| Cross-Cultural Perspective | how our culture influences our thinking and behavior. |
| Evolutionary Perspective | they aid in survival and reproduction. |
| Humanistic Perspective | emphasizes the role of motivation on thought and behavior |
| Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow | prominent humanists |
| Psychodynamic Perspective | the role of the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships to explain human behavior and to treat people suffering from mental illnesses |
| Sigmund Freud. | psychodynamic perspective |
| Social perspective | uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" |
| "Descriptive" method | researchers to describe or present the picture of a phenomenon or phenomena under investigation" |
| "Analytical" method | psychological therapy originated by Sigmund Freud in which free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of resistance and transference are used to explore repressed or unconscious impulses, anxieties, and internal conflicts, in order to free psychic energy for mature love and work. |
| Psychology | a science which concerns itself with the study of behavior, both human and animal, and therefore interrelates with other disciplines such as philosophy, biology and sociology. |
| The structuralist mode | of reasoning has been applied in a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, psychology, literary criticism, and architecture. |
| Structuralism | one of the most popular approaches in academic fields concerned with the analysis of language, culture, and society. |
| Structuralism | argues that a specific domain of culture may be understood by means of a structure—modelled on language |
| Maslow | "hierarchy of human needs", founder of humanistic psychology |
| Survey Method | inexpensive, high reliability because of standardization, large sampling |
| Observational approach | - Data collection through observation involves monitoring and systematically recording the behaviour of participants |
| Corralational approach | approach attempts to determine whether and to what degree a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable variables |
| Formal experiment | observation the researcher will have a clear idea of what behaviours they are looking for, and how they will be recorded |
| Independent variable | variable which is presumed to affect or determine a dependent variable. |
| Dependent variable | dependent on another variable: the independent variable. |
| Neuron | processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling |
| Axon | conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma |
| Dendrite | Electrical stimulation is transmitted onto dendrites by upstream neurons via synapses which are located at various points throughout the dendritic arbor. |
| Myelin sheath | insulating material that forms a layer around the axon |
| synapse | a junction that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell. |
| Efferent neuron | [EXIT] transmit signals from the central nervous system to the effector cells and are sometimes called motor neurons. |
| Afferent neuron | [IN] transmit signals from sensory transducers to the central nervous system |
| Neurotransmitters | chemical that transmits information across the junction ( synapse ) that separates one nerve cell (neuron) from another nerve cell |
| autonomic nervous system | a subdivision of the efferent peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary vital function |
| Computed Tomography CT | of X-ray beams passed through the head. and shows the structure of the brain, but not its function. |
| Positron Emission Tomography PET | detects radioactive material that is injected or inhaled to produce an image of the brain |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI | the detection of radio frequency signals produced by displaced radio waves in a magnetic field. It provides an anatomical view of the brain. |
| Functional MRI | detects changes in blood flow to particular areas of the brain. It provides both an anatomical and a functional view of the brain. |
| electroencephalogram (EEG) | a test used to detect abnormalities related to electrical activity of the brain. |
| Amygdala – | Arousal Controls Autonomic Responses Associated with Fear Emotional Responses Hormonal Secretions |
| Hippocampus - | Hippocampus - plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation. |
| Hypothalamus | a central area on the underside of the brain, controlling involuntary functions such as body temperature and the release of hormones |
| Thalamus | lying beneath each cerebral hemisphere in the brain that relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex. They are concerned with awareness of all the main senses except for smell. |
| aphasia | the partial or total inability to produce and understand speech as a result of brain damage caused by injury or disease |
| frontal lobe | associated with reasoning, motor skills, higher lever cognition, and expressive language. |
| parietal lobe | middle section of the brain and is associated with processing tactile sensory information such as pressure, touch, and pain. |
| temporal lobe | location of the primary auditory cortex, which is important for interpreting sounds and the language we hear |
| occipital lobe | located at the back portion of the brain and is associated with interpreting visual stimuli and information. |
| left temporal lobe | critical for language comprehension and production |
