| A | B |
|---|
| popular sovereignty | rule by the people |
| minutemen | special militia in the town of Concord |
| checks and balances | system that prevents one branch of government from becoming too powerful |
| Loyalists | American colonists who supported Britain during the revolutionary War |
| judicial review | power of the Supreme Court to decide whether laws passed by Congress were constitutional |
| implied powers | necessary for the government to do its job but not specifically stated in the Constitution |
| Boston Tea Party | the dumping of the cargo from British ships into the harbor |
| cabinet | department heads and advisors to the president |
| Continentals | American paper money issued during the Revolutionary War |
| Bill of Rights | first 10 amendments to the Constitution |
| Stamp Act | required colonists to pay a tax on most printed materials |
| Ninth Amendment | states that the people have other rights that are not listed in the Constitution |
| Roger Sherman | presented the proposal on which the Great Compromise was based |
| impressment | practice of kidnapping sailors for military service |
| Benedict Arnold | American patriot who turned traitor |
| Meriwether Lewis | leader of a secret expedition into the Louisiana Territory |
| John Paul Jones | "Father of the United States Navy, "I have not yet begun to fight." |
| John Marshall | 2nd Chief Justice of the United States who turned it into a powerful, independent branch of the federal government |
| Marquis de Lafayette | French officer who helped to improve diuscipline among the troops at Valley Forge |
| Declaratory Act | intended to demonstrate Parliament's authority bu asserting its power to make laws for the colonies |
| John Adams | second president of the United States |
| non-importation agreement | when merchants pledged not to buy any british goods until parliament repealed the Stamp Act |
| Quartering Act | forced the colonies to pay more for their own defense |
| Albany Plan of Union | proposed that the colonies unite to form a federal government |
| inflation | happens when money loses its value |
| Sugar Act | increased the tax rates on sugar and molasses imported from foreign countries |
| Proclamation Line | 1763 order that declared that settlers could not move west of the Appalachian Mountains |
| Boston Massacre | event in 1770 when a crowd of colonists taunting and throwing snowballs at a British soldier guarding a customs house were fired upon |
| "Common Sense" | pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that attacked monarchy |
| committee of correspondence | created in each colony to communicate with the other colonies about British activities |
| Battle of Bunker Hill | where a largely untrained colonial militia stopped an attack by the British outside Boston |
| letters of marque | licenses to private ship owners authorizing them to attack British merchant ships |
| Francis Marion | led the most famous small militia unit in the South during the Revolutionary War |
| Nathan Hale | sent by George Washington to spy on the British |
| Battle of Saratoga | astonishing American victory which was the turning point during the Revolutionary War |
| Valley Forge | Winter quarters for the Continental Army |
| republic | a form of government where power resides with a body of citizens entitled to vote |
| duties | taxes on imported goods |
| Northwest Ordinance | provided the basis for governing much of the western territory |
| Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Unionu | plan for a loose union of the states under the authority of Congress |
| Shay's Rebellion | when farmers in western Massachusetts rebelled against increased taxes |
| New Jersey Plan | modified the Articles of Confederation by making the central government stronger |
| Virginia Plan | proposed the replacing of the Articles of Confederation and increased power for the large states |
| Great Compromise | Proposed a two-house legislature: in the lower house the states would be represented by their population |
| three-fifths compromise | every five enslaved people in a state would count as three free persons for both representation and taxes |
| Sam Adams | Leader of the Sons of Liberty, but also opposed to the Constitution |
| "The federalist" | a collection of essays written by James Madison in favor of the Constitution |
| Antifederalists | opposed the Constitution because the thought it endangered the independence of the states |
| Whiskey Rebellion | when farmers rebelled against the federal tax on the manufacture of whickey |
| Bank of the United States | a national bank created by Congress |
| bonds | notes issued by the states and the Congress promising to repay the money with interest after a certain length of time |
| agrarianism | Jefferson's belief that the strength of the United States was its independent farmers |
| Quasi-War | undeclared war at sea between the United States and France |
| interposition | theory that the states could interpose between the federal government and the people to stop an illegal action |
| nullification | theory that if the federal government passed an unconstitutional law, the states had the right to declare it invalid |
| embargo | a government ban on trade with other countries |
| Treaty of Ghent | ended the War of 1812 |
| War Hawks | nickname given to members of Congress who voted for the War of 1812 |
| Tecumseh | Shawnee leader who believed Native Americans must unite to protect their lands |
| Battle of New Orleans | Fought after the end of the War of 1812, it made a hero of Andrew Jackson |
