| A | B |
|---|
| Geology | study of the earth |
| Observation, Experiment | Theories are based on the scientific method and can be tested by ____or _____. |
| Subsystems of Earth | atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, mantle and core |
| Physical Geology | the study of Earth materials as well as the processes that operate within and on Earth’s surface |
| Historical Geology | examines the origin and evolution of Earth, its continents, oceans, atmosphere, and life |
| Scientific Method | an orderly, logical approach that involves gathering and analyzing facts about a particular phenomenon, formulating hypotheses to explain the phenomenon, testing the hypotheses, and finally proposing a theory |
| Theory | a testable explanation for some natural phenomenon that has a large body of supporting evidence |
| Big Bang | the universe began with this approx 14 billion years ago |
| Solar System | this formed from a rotating cloud of interstellar matter |
| Crust | Earths outer most layer that is divided into continental and oceanic plates. part of lithosphere |
| 4.6 billion years ago | the earth was created approximately.... |
| Concentric layers | crust, mantle, core |
| Hydrosphere | includes all water in streams, oceans, lakes, ice, and groundwater |
| Atmosphere | mixture of gases, mostly nitrogen and oxygen, most within 30 km of surface |
| Asthenosphere | underlain by the solid lower mantle;behaves plastically, flows slowly and generates magma |
| Lithosphere | the "rock" part of the Earth, includes the crust and the upper mantle; is a series of plates that diverge, converge, and slide past each other |
| Mantle | 83% of the volume of the Earth, less dense than core w/ 3 distinc zones |
| Core | 16% of the volume, solid inner core with molten outer core |
| Hypothesis | an educated guess |
| Solar Nebula Theory | the sun and solar system formed from the collapse of a cloud of dust and gas |
| Plate Tectonic Theory | states that Earth's outermost layer, the lithosphere, is broken into 7 large, rigid pieces called plates |
| The Rock Cycle | illustrates the interactions between Earth’s internal and external processes and how the three rock groups are interrelated. |
| Fossil | remains of past life, and the fossil record documents changes in life forms which predate human history |
| Geologic Time Scale | the calendar geologists use to date past events |
| Igneous rock | result from the crystallization of magma or the consolidation of volcanic ejecta. |
| Jovian planets | large and have low mean density, composed mostly of lightweight gases, such as hydrogen and helium, and frozen compounds, such as ammonia and methane |
| Metamorphic Rock | result from the alteration of other rocks, usually beneath Earth’s surface by heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids. |
| Mineral | a naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid that has characteristic physical properties and a narrowly defined chemical composition |
| Organic Evolution | theory holding that all organisms are related and that they descended with modification from organisms that lived during the past |
| Plate | an individual segment of the lithosphere that moves over the atmosphere |
| Principle of Uniformitarianism | we can interpret past events by understanding present-day processes, based on the idea that natural processes have always operated in the same way |
| Rock | a solid aggregate of one or more minerals, a consolidated aggregate of fragments,or masses of rocklike materials |
| Sedimentary Rock | are typically formed by the consolidation of rock fragments, precipitation of mineral matter from solution, or compaction of plant or animal remains |
| System | a combination of related parts that interact in an organized fashion |
| Terrestrial Planets | any of the 4 innermost planets. They are all small and have high mean densities, indicating that they are all composed of rock and metallic elements |
| Mercury,Venus,Earth and Mars | The Terrestrial Planets |
| upiter,Saturn,Uranus, Neptune | The Jovian Planets |
| Big Bang Theory | a model for the evolution of the universe in which a dense,hot state was followed by expansion, cooling, and a less dense state |
