| A | B |
| barter | exchange of one good or service for another |
| commodities | goods that have value, especially relating to barter economies |
| money economy | economic system based on the use of money as a measure of value and a unit of account |
| phoenician alphabet | alphabet developed by the Phoenicians that became the model for later western alphabets |
| covenant | solemn agreement |
| Abraham | founder of the Hebrew people |
| Twelve Tribes of Isreal | 12 sons of Abraham's grandson Jacob (Isreal) from whom modern Jews trace their heritage |
| Moses | the Hebrews were led out of slavery by this great leader |
| Exodus | escape of the Hebrews for Egpyt |
| Torah | Jewish scriptures that include the first 5 boooks of the Old Testament |