| A | B |
|---|
| acclimation | Long-term but reversible physiological response to an environmental change. |
| anaphase | The fourth subphase of mitosis |
| asexual reproduction | A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts. |
| autosome | A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex |
| benign tumor | A mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin. |
| cancer cells | Do not have a properly functioning cell-cycle system; instead |
| carcinomas | Cancer that originates in one of the coverings of the body |
| cell cycle | An ordered sequence of events in the life of a eukaryotic cell |
| cell cycle control system | A cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle. |
| cell plate | A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell |
| centromere | The centralized region joining two sister chromatids. |
| centrosome | Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells |
| chiasma | (plural |
| chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing |
| chromosome | A threadlike |
| cleavage furrow | The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. |
| crossing over | The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during synapsis of meiosis I. |
| cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis. |
| diploid cell | A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n) |
| Down syndrome | A human genetic disease resulting from having an extra chromosome 21 |
| fertilization | The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote. |
| gamete | A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. |
| genetic recombination | The general term for the production of offspring with new combinations of traits inherited from the two parents. |
| genome | The complete complement of an organism's genes; an organism's genetic material. |
| haploid | A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n). |
| homologous chromosomes | Chromosome pairs of the same length |
| interphase | The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase |
| karyotype | A method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number |
| leukemia | A type of cancer of the blood-forming tissues |
| lymphomas | Cancers of the tissues that form white blood cells. |
| malignant tumor | A cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair functions of one or more organs. |
| meiosis | A two-stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell. |
| metaphase | The third subphase of mitosis |
| metastasis | The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site. |
| mitosis | A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase |
| mitotic phase | The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis. |
| mitotic spindle | An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis. |
| nondisjunction | An accident of meiosis or mitosis |
| polyploid | Cells that contain more than two complete sets of homologous chromosomes in each somatic cell. |
| prophase | The first subphase of mitosis |
| radiation therapy | Treatment for cancer in which parts of the body that have cancerous tumors are exposed to high-energy radiation to disrupt cell division of the cancer cells. |
| sarcomas | Cancers that arise in tissues that support the body |
| sexual reproduction | A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents. |
| sister chromatids | Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II. |
| somatic cell | Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell. |
| telophase | The fifth and final subphase of mitosis |
| trisomy 21 | A condition in which there are three number-21 chromosomes |
| zygote | The diploid product of the union of haploid gametes in conception; a fertilized egg. |
