| A | B |
|---|
| Autotroph | An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. Autotrophs use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones. |
| heterotroph | An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products. |
| producers | Organisms that make organic food molecules from CO2 |
| consumer | An organism that obtains its food by eating animals that have eaten plants. |
| Aerobic | Containing or requiring oxygen (O2). |
| Anaerobic | Lacking or not requiring oxygen (O2). |
| chloroplast | An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water |
| stroma | The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane;involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Thylakoid | A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast |
| Chlorophyll | green pigment involved in photosynthesis |
| granum | Thylakoid stacks (grana) inside chloroplasts. |
| Chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing |
| Chromosome | short thick thread of DNA found in the nucleus when cell is dividing |
| sister chromatids | Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II. |
| gene | segment of DNA that codes for a protein |
| cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis. |
| somatic cell | Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell. |
| gamete | A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. |
| autosome | A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex |
| sex chromosomes | One of the pair of chromosomes responsible for determining the sex of an individual. |
| karyotype | A method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number diploid cell |
| haploid | A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n). |
| homologous chromosomes | Chromosome pairs of the same length |
| mitosis | A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages. |
| meiosis | A two-stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell. |
| alleles | An alternative form of a gene. |
| phenotype | The physical and physiological traits of an organism. |
| genotype | The genetic makeup of an organism. |
| locus | The specific location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome. A variant of the DNA sequence at a given locus is called an allele. |
| monohybrid cross | An experimental mating of individuals in which the inheritance of a single characteristic is tracked. |
| heterozygous | Having two different alleles for a given genetic character. |
| homozygous | Having two identical alleles for a given trait. |
| Dominant allele | In a heterozygote some alleles are dominant over others |
| Recessive allele | In a heterozygote an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical |
| Pleiotropy inheritance | The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects. Example- Sickle-cell disease. |
| polygenic inheritance | An additive effect of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic character. Example- The effect upon skin color or height. |
| nucleotide | The building block of a nucleic acid |
| amino acid | An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of proteins. |
| polypeptide | A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |
| codon | A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code. |
| mRNA | transfers the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome |
| tRNA | brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome |
| rRNA | helps mRNA and tRNA correctly assemble the amino acids |
| ribosomes | A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules |
| Mutation | change in the base sequence on the DNA |
| fermentation | The anaerobic harvest of food by some cells |
