| A | B |
|---|
| Political machines | these groups of people controlled elections in many cities by "buying" votes with money or favors--especially to immigrants; city bosses were in charge of the machine |
| city boss / political boss | leader of a political machine |
| Boss Tweed | leader of "Tammany Hall" political machine in New York City; his machine stole money from the city, and he later went to jail |
| Pendleton Act | supported by Pres. Chester A. Arthur after Pres. Garfield was killed, it created a civil service commision for government jobs; people had to pass an exam to get a government job |
| the spoils system | system of giving government jobs to friends and political supporters -- even if they couldn't do the job well |
| suffrage | the right to vote |
| Susan B. Anthony & Carrie Chapman | progressives & leaders in the women's suffrage movement |
| NAACP | the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People |
| NAACP | started by a group of important black reformers, including W.E.B. DuBois, |
| reformers | people who want to change things, such as business or government |
| reform | change |
| Square Deal | Teddy Roosevelt's promise of fair and equal treatment for all people |
| Woodrow Wilson | called his reform program "New Freedom" and supported tariff (tax) reform--lowering tax on products from other countries; also supported establishing the Federal Trade Commision to help government control business |
| Nineteenth Amendment | passed in 1920;it gave women the right to vote |
| Theodore Roosevelt | a progressive who became president when McKinley was assassinated (killed); promised a "square deal" for all and got the nickname "trustbuster" |
| muckraker | word used to describe writers & journalists (newspaper writers) who wrote about the ways government and big business acted badly, showing the problems in the U.S. |
| Woman's Christian Temperance Union | group of women who wanted prohibition--a law to forbid alcohol / liquor; this group thought alcohol caused many problems; Carrie Nation was one leader |
| trustbuster | word used to describe someone who breaks up a trust into smaller companies so that there will be better competition |
| discrimination | treating people unequally and unfairly because of a person's race, religion, place of birth, etc. |
| laissez-faire | "Let the people do what they choose to do": idea means government doesn't make rules about business, so businesses can do whatever they want |
| monopoly | the opposite of competition in business; happens when a big business forces smaller companies to close, then everyone must buy from the big company |
| William Howard Taft | progressive president elected in 1908, he also fought big business and supported the 16th amendment (income tax); he was not re-elected because he wasn't popular |
| Booker T. Washington | black leader of Tuskegee Institute; started the Negro Business League |
| W.E.B. DuBois | Harvard-educated, black leader who thought black people should demand and fight for civil rights |
| prejudice | bad and unfair feelings of dislike about people of a different race or religion (usually) |
| trust | a group of huge companies controlled by only a few people and very unair because there was no competition |
| civil service | a way for government to get and keep good workers; workers must pass tests to get government jobs and keep doing good work; new presidents do not fire civil service workers |
| Booker T. Washington | black leader who thought that having money would bring more power and rights to black people; said blacks should be patient and go slowly in asking for civil rights |
| W.E.B. DuBois | black leader of a group that helped form the NAACP |
| Eighteenth Amendment | it made making, selling and transporting alcohol illegal; known as the "Prohibition Law" |
| Teddy Roosevelt | formed the Progressive Party, after deciding Taft had done a bad job; he was nominated a 3rd time for the presidency |
| Woodrow Wilson | progressive Democrat who became president in 1912, while the Republicans and Progressive Party were fighting |
| T. Roosevelt, W.H. Taft, & W. Wilson | progressive era Presidents |
| Upton Sinclair | a muckraker who wrote a book called "The Jungle" that showed how bad the meat and food industry was; his book led to the Pure Food and Drug Act |
| Asians, Mexicans, Jews, Catholics, Native Americans & Women | groups who were often not included in all the preogressive era reforms |
| patronage | another word for the spoils system; giving government jobs to people who were not qualified |
| civil service | group of government workers that are not elected but chosen for their jobs |
| trust | a combination of companies that is very large and has too much control over the economy and government |
| initiative | allows citizens to place a measure or issue on the ballot in a state election |
| referendum | gives voters the opportunity to accept or reject measures (issues) the the state legislature has made into laws |
| recall | allows voters to remove elected officials from their jobs if they are corrupt or doing a bad job, overall |
| prohibition | time when laws were passed to forbid making and selling alcohol |
| arbitration | settling a disagreement by accepting the decision of an outsider whose judgment is fair |
| conservation | protecting and taking care of natural resourcesl Teddy Roosevelt was a big supporter of conservation |
| progressive | name given to a time period of great change and reforms |
| 16th Amendment | allowed U.S. government to charge people an income tax |
| 17th Amendment | changed the law so senators would be elected directly by the people |
