| A | B |
|---|
| Arabian peninsula | largest peninsula in the world (modern Saudi Arabia) |
| Oasis | fertile areas near springs and water sources |
| Arabs | Semetic-speaking people of the Middle East |
| Bedouins | Arab nomads Sheep,goat & camel herders |
| Tribes | made up of related families |
| Sheik | leader of the Bedouins |
| Muhammad | Founder of Islam |
| Islam | Submission to the will of Allah |
| Khadija | Wife of Muhammad |
| Revelation | vision |
| Gabriel | Angel who spoke to Muhammad |
| Allah | Arabic for God |
| Hegira (Hijrah) | Great Flight |
| Muslim | the followrs of Islam |
| Koran (Quran) | Holy Book of Islam |
| Shari'ah | Muslim Law Code ..Forbidden to gamble,eatpork,drink alcohol,marriages arranged by parents etc.. |
| Mosque | muslim temple of worship |
| Minaret | Slender towers used to call people to prayer |
| Muezzin | (Crier) calls faithful to prayer |
| Imam | (Prayer Leader) leads worshipers in prayer |
| Great Mosque | Houses the Ka'bah (located in Mecca) |
| Ka'bah | (Arabic for square building) holiest shrine of Islam |
| Black Stone | Black meteorite sent from heaven. Stone is blessed by Allah. Kissing the stone blesses the pilgrim. |
| Jihads | Holy wars |
| Martyr | Die in battle go to paradise fierce & fearless in battle |
| Abu Bakr | "The Upright" (Muh. Father in law) |
| Caliph | Successor to the prophet. Religous & Political leader of Islam |
| Umayyad Dynasty | 661 AD-750 AD |
| Mu'awiyah | Governor of Syria became Caliph |
| Damascus | (Syria) new capital of Muslim Empire |
| Berbers | North African tribe converted Islam |
| Tarik | muslim General-invasion of Spain |
| Rock of Gibraltar | Mountain of Tarik |
| Moors | Spanish Muslim |
| Cordova | Capital of Spanish Muslim state |
| Battle of Tours | Charles Martel stopped the spread of Islam into Western Europe on of the greates battles in World History |
| Charles Martel | "The Hammer" |
| Battle of Constantiople | Byzantine Empire destroyed Muslim invasion fleet |
| Muslim Lake | The Med. Sea |
| Sunnites | "Followers of the Way" only the Koran can explain Allah & his teachings Majority of Muslims |
| Shiites | Imam could interpret Koran & Allah's teachings. Violent & Radical. Modern Iraq & Iran |
| Abbasid Dynasty | 750 AD- 1258 AD. Abu al-Abbas overthrew Umayyads |
| Bagdad | "City of Peace" new Capital during the Abbasid Dynasty |
| Seljuk Turks | (nomads from Central Asia) took over Eastern Abbasid Province 1000AD |
| Sultans | "Holder of power" leader of Turks |
| Battle of Manzikert | Turks defeat Byzantine Army |
| The Crusades | (Series of 4 wars) Christians Knights vs. Muslims Warriors. Great Religious War. Christians being persecuted by Muslims visiting the Holy Land |
| Saladin | "The Magnificent" Muslim destroyed Christian forces & captured Jerusalem |
| Hulegu | Brother of Khubila khan (Mongol) |
| Golden Horde | Mongol Cavalry |
| Mamluks | Turkish Slave-soldiers stopped Mongol invasion of Egypt |
| Vlaid The Impaler | Prince of Southern Transylvania |
| Dracula | "Son of the Devil" Novel by Bromstoker |
| Forest of the Impaled | 24,000 Turkish Muslims killed stopped spread of Islam Eastern Europe |
| The Arabian Nights | novel by Omar Khayyam |
| Bazaar | marketplace |
| Proconsuls | Governors appointed by Senate |
| Prizes of War | grain, treasures, and slaves |
| Latifundia | Vast Estates |
| Tibrius Gracchus | 1st to reform gov. gave land to poor |
| Gaius Gracchus | lowered grain prices feed poor. Out raged rich Senators |
| Gaius Marius | Had a professional Army and was loyal to Genrals not Rome |
| Lucius Sulla vs. Marius | civil war |
| Sulla | seized Rome Military dictator Reign of Terror |
| Spartacus | led slave revolt 6000 slaves crucified |
| First Triumvirate | Pompey Crassus Caesar |
| Gnaeus Pompey | Military hero of Wars in Spain |
| Marcus Crassus | Richest man in Rome killed in Battle |
| Julius Caesar | Roman's greatest General |
| Second Triumvirate | Octavian, Anthony, Lepidus |
| Octavian | Nephew of JC controls Western Empire |
| Marc Anthony | (JC Top General) Controlled Eastern Empire. |
| Cleopatra | Pharaoh of Eygpt married Marc Anthony |
| Lepidus | Commander JC Cavalry |
| Battle of Actium | Octavian defeats Anthonys forces |
| Commodus | "Mad Emperor" |
| Diocletion | Divided Empire into 2 districts |
| Punic Wars | Series of 3 Wars Rome vs. Carthage |
| First Punic War | War over Sicily Rome builds a Navy Carthage asked for peace |
| "Our Seas" | Romans called teh Med. Sea |
| Indemnity | $$$ to victors in war |
| General Hamlicar | leader of Carthage. Swore revenge |
| Second Punic War | Battle of Cannae, Battle of Zama (Rome gains Spain) |
| Battle of Canae | 45,0000 Romans killed (Hannibal) |
| Hannibal | One of the greatest generals of all time crossed the Alps on Elephants |
| Battle of Zama | Scipio defeated Hannibal in N. Africa |
| Third Punic War | Carthaginian Territory becomes Roman Province called Africa |
| Cato | Roman Senator "Carthage must be destroyed" |
| Roman Foreign Policy | Divide & Conquer |
