| A | B |
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| ETHNOGRAPHY | scientific strategy for studying people, in particular their cultural formation and characteristics, through participant observation, interviews, etc. |
| EPISTEMOLOGY | the theory of knowledge, the nature and scope of knowing what we know. |
| EMPIRICISM | theory that knowledge arises through evidence and data rather than experience. |
| CONSTRUCTIVISM | theory that knowledge arises thorough human experience and ideas. |
| CONFLICT RESPONSE | A societal reaction – actual and/or ideological – to a situation arising from a destabilizing friction and/or violent disagreement between two or more parties. |
| ADAM SMITH | father of modern economics, author of “Wealth of Nations”, the foundation for modern-day capitalism and the free market economy. |
| CAPITALISM | economic system in which the means of production, distribution and industry are privately owned and operated for private profit; relies on the market to decide supply and demand; profit is distributed to owners who invest in business and wages are paid to workers employed by the businesses. |
| MARXISM | political philosophy based on the theories that humanity is a struggle between class systems, capitalism is exploitative and the only way to overcome this is for the working class to seize power through revolution. |
| KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS | – Macroeconomic theory which advocates a mixed economy – predominately private sector but with a large role of government. Examples can be seen today of a resurgence with government stimulus programs to help boost the economy. |
| WILSONIANISM | Foreign policy ideology based on Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points to World Peace, which include the spread of democracy, capitalism, anti-isolationism, intervention to spread freedom and self-determination by ethnic groups. |
| POLITICAL ECONOMY | can be a synonym for “economics” but originated in “moral philosophy” in the 19th c. and may broadly refer to the interdisciplinary approach that applied economic methods to analyze political outcomes. |
| JUS AD BELLUM | set of rules that are consulted before engaging in war, in order to determine if war is justifiable. |
| JUST IN BELLO | concerns whether or not a war is conducted fairly (regardless of whether or not the initiation of hostilities was just). |
| JUS POST BELLUM | criteria that deal with justice after the war – termination procedures, reconstruction, guidelines for peace treaties, etc. |
| THOMAS HOBBS | English political philosopher, argued that human nature is fundamentally self-serving (and “wicked”); also a great contributor to modern liberal European thought – champion of the right of the individual, liberal interpretation of law, consent of the people, equality of men. |
| ROUSSEAU (Nature of Man) | 18th c philosopher who heavily influenced both the French and American revolutions, criticized Hobbs greatly, and believed that men at their basis were naturally moral and essentially good. |
| PEACEBUILDING | describes the process of resolving conflict and establishing peace. Includes re-integrating combatants into society, security sector reform, strengthening rule of law, improving human rights, conflict resolution, and development. |
| IMPERIALISM | The creation of an unequal economic, cultural and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of empire, based on doctrine and subordination. |
| HEGEMONY | – the political, economic and ideological or cultural power exerted by a dominant group over other groups regardless of the explicit consent of the latter. |
| WORLD BANK | International financial institution that provides leveraged loans to developing countries for capital programs, with a goal of reducing poverty. Considered to follow a neo-liberal ideology. |
| IMF (INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND) | – Intergovernmental organization that oversees the global financial system by following the macroeconomic policies of it’s member countries, with the objective of stabilizing international exchange rates and facilitating development through the enforcement of liberalizing economic policies. Also offered leverage loans, mainly to poorer countries. |
| UN | international organization whose stated aims are facilitated cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights and the achievement of world peace. Founded in 1945 to replace the League of Nations. |
| NEO-LIBERALISM | MARSHALL PLAN – formal plan of the US to rebuild Europe after WWII. (Same plan was offered to the Soviets and was rejected.) THOMAS MALTHUS – 18th c. political economist who warned of the market-driven approach to economic and social policy based on capitalism and neoclassical theories of economics that maximize the role of private business in determining the political and economic priorities of the state. |
| MARSHALL PLAN | formal plan of the US to rebuild Europe after WWII. (Same plan was offered to the Soviets and was rejected.) |
| THOMAS MALTHUS | 18th c. political economist who warned of the dangers of population growth and his theories were a stepping-stone to Natural Selection and Darwinism. |
| IMPORT SUBSTITUTION INDUSTRIALIZATION | trade and economic policy based on the premise that a country should reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialized products. |
| URBAN BIAS | political economic theory which argues that development is hampered by groups who, due to their central location in urban areas, are able to pressure governments to protect their interests, which leads to a structural condition of overurbanization. Particularly popular with neoliberal economists. |
| WASHINGTON CONSENSUS | set of specific economic policy prescriptions that constitute a reform package for developing countries, including deregulation, privatization, tax reform, trade liberalization and fiscal policy discipline. Set by the WB and IMF, in a broader sense is a synonym for market fundamentalism. “Stabilize, privatize and liberalize”. |
| GLOBALIZATION | – the process by which regional economies, societies and cultures have become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation and trade. Can also refer to the economic integration of national economies through trade, foreign investment, capital flows and migration. |
| DEMOCRATIZATION | the transition to a more democratic regime from an authoritarian political system, influenced by factors such as economic development, history and civil society. |
| GOOD GOVERNANCE | describes how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources in order to guarantee the realization of human rights. Typically applies to liberal democratic states concentrated in Europe and the Americas. |
| MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS | eight international goals that all 192 UN member states have agreed to achieve by 2015 including eradicating extreme poverty, reducing child mortality rates, fighting AIDS and developing a global partnership for development. |
| BRICS | Brazil, Russia, India and China, the big four countries which are all deemed to be in similar stages of newly advanced economic development. |
| EXOGENUOS VARIATION | independent or predetermined measurement. |
| EXPROPRIATION (aka EMINENT DOMAIN) | is an action of the state to seize a citizen’s property without the owner’s consent. Taken for government use or for use by third parties who devote it to public, civic use or economic development. Commonly for public utilities, highways, railroads. Some jurisdictions (US) require the government to offer to purchase the property before resorting to expropriation. |
| ENDOGENITY | in economics, a variable is endogenous when there is a correlation between the parameter or variable and the error term. |
| EXTRACTIVE STATE | a colony which is used for the purpose of reaping raw materials for use by the colonizing power, as opposed to resettlement. (i.e. African Colonies vs. American Colonies). |
| PANOPLY | a complete set of diverse components. |
| BIFURCATION | splitting in two. |
| BOURGEOISE | social class recognized by their ownership of capital; owner of means of production. |
| PROLETARIAT | class in a capitalist society that does not have ownership and their only sense of subsistence is to sell their labor power. Wage-workers. |
| INDENTURED LABOR | when a worker is contracted by an employer for a fixed amount of time in exchange for transportation, food, clothing, lodging. |
| PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT | development process, which seeks to engage local populations in development projects in the hopes of providing more sustainable development. Critics argue that PD projects ignore inequalities such as class and caste. |
| DEPENDENCY THEORY | theory that suggests that resources flow from a periphery of poor, undeveloped states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former. Poor states are impoverished and rich ones are enriched by the way poor states are integrated into the world system. |
