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| organelle | one of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells |
| TEM | Transmission Electron Microscopy: technique use to study the internal ultrastructure of a cell |
| SEM | Scanning Electron Microscope: technique use to study the surface of a specimen |
| Cell fractionation | the disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by centrifugation |
| Cytoplasm | the entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane |
| prokaryotic cell | type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus an membrane enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes |
| nucleoid | dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell |
| cytosol | the semifluid portion of the cytoplasm |
| plasma membrane | the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition |
| nucleus | the chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell |
| nuclear lamina | a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus |
| chromatin | the complex of DNA and protein the makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope |
| chromosome | threadlike, gene carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated protein |
| nucleolus | specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes |
| ribosome | cell organelle constructed in nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules which makes up 2 subunits |
| endoplasmic reticulum | an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cell, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosomes-studded (rough) ad ribosomes free (smooth) region |
| smooth ER | portion of endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes |
| rough ER | portion of endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes |
| gap junctions | type of intercellular junction in animal cells that allows the passage of material or current between cells |
| glycoprotein | proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates |
| transport vesicles | secretory proteins in transit from one part of the cell to the other |
| Golgi apparatus | organelle in eukaryotic cells made of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum |
| phagocytosis | type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances |
| food vacuole | fuses with a lysosome, and hydrolytic enzymes digest the food |
| centractile vacuole | pump excess water out of the cell |
| peroxisome | microbody with enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substances to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide |
| mitochondria | the sites of cellular respiration, the catabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy from fats, sugars, and other fuels with the help of oxygen |
| chloroplast | organelle only found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water |
| cristae | unfolding of inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing synthesis of ATP |
| mitochondrial matrix | the part of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle |
| plastid | one of a family of closely related plant organelles, including chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts |
| thylakoid | flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy |
| stroma | fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis or organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water |
| cytoskeleton | network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions |
| microtubules | hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton |
| microfilaments | solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction |
| central vacuole | A large, water-filled organelle in plant cells that stores toxins, degrades enzymes, disposes of wastes, and is involved in cell growth |
| granlakoids | stacks of thylakoids in a chloroplast |
| integrin | receptors that mediate attachment between a cell and the tissues surrounding it |
| centrosome | Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule organizing center. |
| centriole | A structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets |
| flagella | Long cellular |
| cilia | appendage specialized for locomotion |
| basal body | A eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule tripets |
| actin | A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells. |
| myosin | A type of protein filament that interacts with actin filaments to cause cell contraction. |
| pseudopodia | Cellular extensions of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding. |
| cytoplasmic streaming | A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells. |
| cell wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. |
| primary cell wall | A relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young plant cell. |
| middle lamella | A thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young plant cells. |
| secondary cell wall | A strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for plant cell protection and support. |
| extracellular matrix | The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides. |
