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Earth Science, Chapter 4, All Vocabulary

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RockA mixture of one or more minerals, rock fragments, volcanic glass, organic matter, or other natural materials; can be igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary
Rock cycleA model that describes how rocks slowly change from one form to another through time
LavaMolten rock that flows from volcanoes onto Earth’s surface
Igneous rockRock formed when magma or lava cools and hardens
IntrusiveDescribes a type of igneous rock that generally contains large crystals and forms when magma cools slowly beneath Earth’s surface
ExtrusiveDescribes a type of igneous rock that generally contains fine (small) grains and forms when magma cools quickly at or near Earth’s surface
BasalticDescribes dense, dark-colored igneous rock formed from magma rich in magnesium and iron and poor in silica
GraniticDescribes generally light-colored, silica-rich igneous rock that is less dense than basaltic rock
Metamorphic rockRock that forms when heat, pressure, or fluids act on igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rock to change its form or composition, or both
FoliatedDescribes metamorphic rock, such as slate and gneiss, whose mineral grains line up in parallel layers
NonfoliatedDescribes metamorphic rock, such as quartzite or marble, whose mineral grains grow and rearrange but generally do not form layers
SedimentsLoose materials, such as rock fragments, mineral grains, and the remains of once-living plants and animals, that have been moved by wind, water, ice, or gravity
Sedimentary rockRock that forms when sediments are compacted and cemented together or when minerals form from solutions
CompactionProcess that forms sedimentary rocks when layers of sediments are compressed by the weight of the layers above them
CementationProcess that forms sedimentary rock when sediment grains are held together by natural cements that are produced when water moves through rock and soil


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