| A | B |
|---|
| 1st phase of mitosis | Interphase |
| 2nd phase of mitosis | Prophase |
| 3rd phase of mitosis | Metaphase |
| 4th phase of mitosis | Anaphase |
| 5th phase of mitosis | Telophase |
| uncontrolled cell growth | Cancer |
| Mitosis | The process by which the nucleus of the cell is divided into two nuclei, each with the same number and kinds of chrosomes as the parent cell. |
| Cytokinesis | is the process by which the cytoplasm divides, thus forming two distinct cells. |
| Chromatid | one of two distinct strands that make up each chromosome |
| Chromosomal mutation | change in the number or structure of chromosomes in a cell. |
| chromosome | threadlike structure in a cell that contains the genetic information that is passed on from one generation of cells to the next. |
| nucleotide | unit of neucleic that is made up of a 5- carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| complementary | When a base pair is bonded with its cooresponding base. |
| replication | when something is copied |
| transcription | process by which a molecule of DNA is copied into a complementary strand of RNA |
| translation | process in which a message carried by mRNA is decoded into a polypeptide chain (protein) |
| tRNA (Transfer RNA) | type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosomes where the amino acids are joined together to form polypeptides |
| mRNA (messenger RNA) | type of RNA that carries genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus out to the ribosomes in th cytoplasm |
| rRNA (Ribosomal RNA) | type or RNA that makes up the major part of the ribosomes |
| amino acid | substances that has an amino acid group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other; makes up the building blocks for protein |
| ribosome | organell in which proteins are made (made up of proteins and RNA) |
| codon | three -nucleotide sequence of on messenger RNA that codes for an amino acid |
| anticodon | three-necloetide sequence in tRNA that base pairs with a complementary sequence in mRNA during protein synthesis |
| start codon | a codon that signifies the start of an amino acid chain (protein) |
| stop codon | a codon that signifies the end of an amino acid chain (protein) |
| peptide bonds | covalent bond that joins two amino acids |
| hydrogen bonds | a bond that is made between hydrogen molecules |
| adenine | nitrogenous base in nucleic acids, belonging to the purines; pairs with thymine or uricil |
| thymine | nitrogenous base found in DNA, but not RNA; pairs with adenine |
| cytosine | nitrogenous base in neucleic acids belonging to the pyrimidines; pairs with guanine |
| guanine | nitrogenous basnitrogenous base in neucleic acids belonging to the purinies; pairs with cytosine |
| centromere | structure that holds together each pair of chromatids |
| centriole(s) | structure involved in mitosis that contains a microtuble protein called tubulin |
| nucleolus | cell structure that contains RNA and protiens |
| spindle fibers (apparatus) | meshlike structure of microtubules that appears to guide the movements of chromosomes during mitosis |
| deoxyribose | the 5-carbon sugar that is in DNA |
| phosphate group | contained in the double helix in DNA and alternates with deoxyribose |
| DNA (Deoxyribose nucleic acid) | nucleic acid that stores and transmits genetic information from on generation of an organism to the next by coding for the production of a cell's protien |
| RNA (ribose nucleic acid) | necessary for protein synthesis and migrates from from nucleus to cytosol |
| ribose | 5-carbon sugar |
| purine | double ring structure |
| pyrimidine | single ring strucure |
| RNA | important in protein synthesis and the transmission of genetic information and consisting of a long, usually single-stranded chain of alternating phosphate and ribose |
| interphase | the perid in-between cell division and divided into three phases; G1, S, and G2 |
| G1 phase | cell undergoes regular cell developement and growth |
| S phase | during this phase DNA replication takes place |
| G2 phase | this phase involves the synhtesis of pf organells and materials required for cell division |
| prophase | this is the longest phase of mitosis and this is where chromosomes first become visible. The centrioles seperate from each other and move to opposite sides of the nucleus and spindles start to form |
| metaphase | The shortest phase in mitosois. The chromosomes line up at the equator and they connect to the spindles. Then the asters form. |
| Anaphase | The centromeres split and cause the sister chromosomes to become two chromosomes and the spindle fibers grow longer and longer. Then the chromosomes go to the poles of the spindles. |
| tepophase | The chromosomes now begin to uncoil and become a tangle of chromatin. The neuclear envelope now reforms around the chromosomes and the spindles bigin to break apart and are no longer visible. |
