| A | B |
|---|
| Sutton | The scientist who answered the question of where genes are located by forming the chromosome theory of heredity |
| Chromosome Theory of Heredity | says that genes are located on chromosomes and that genes occupy a specific place on the chromosome |
| Morgan | the scientist that gave us the earliest example of linked genes |
| linked genes | genes located on the same chromosome |
| linkage group | all of the genes on a chromosome that are inherited together |
| Sturtevant | the scientist that developed a method of determining the location of genes on a chromosome or gene mapping |
| gene mapping | based on the assumption that genes located close together on a chromosome would have a lower frequency of crossing over that those located further apart on the chromosome |
| Stevens | the scientist that discovered sex chromosomes |
| Mutation | any change in the "genetic material" can be harmful, harmless or undetectable, or beneficial |
| germ mutation | mutations that occur in the sex cells |
| somatic mutations | mutations that occur in body cells |
| gene mutations | mutations that affect individual genes |
| chromosomal mutations | mutations that can affect segments of chromosomes, whole chromosomes or sets of chromosomes |
| deletion | type of mutation that results when part of a chromosome is missing |
| duplication | mutation that occurs when a portion of a chromosome is repeated |
| inversion | type of mutation in which the genes on a chromosome become oriented in the reverse of their usual direction |
| translocation | crossing over of nonhomologous chromosomes |
| nondisjunction | type of mutation that occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to separate normally during meiosis |
| polyploidy | occurs when all of the homologous chromosomes in a cell fail to separate normally during meiosis; causes 3N and 4N cell to be formed in plants |
| point mutation | type of mutation that occurs when there is a change in a nucleotide of a gene; this may change one amino acid in the polypeptide |
| frameshift mutation | type of mutation that occurs when a nucleotide is added or removed from the gene; can change every amino acid in the polypeptide after the insertion or deletion of the nucleotide |
| sex-linked trait | traits whose genes are located on sex chromosomes |
| sex chromosomes | the pair of chromosomes in a cell that determine the gender of the organism; the chromosomes that are not the same in males and females |
| autosome | all of the chromosomes in a cell except for the sex chromosomes |
| codominance | occurs when both alleles for a trait are expressed at the same time |
| female sex chromosomes | XX |
| male sex chromosomes | XY |
| Huntington | a disease determined by an autosomal dominant gene; appears around the age of 40, symptoms include a deteriation of the nervous system that results in loss of motor control, mental functioning then death |
| Sex linked traits that are resessive | colorblindness, hemophilia, and musclular dystrophy |
| Disorders caused by nondisjunction | Down, Turner, and Klinefelter |
| Down syndrome | trisomy 21; an individual that has three 21st chromosomes |
| Turner syndrome | 45 X0; individuals with only one X sex chromosome |
| Klinefelter syndrome | 47 XXY; individuals with an extra X sex chromosome |
| amniocentesis | a process used to determine if a chromosome mutation has occured in a fetus; amniotic fluid is removed which contain cells from the developing fetus, a karyotype is made from the cells and analyzed |
| chorionic villus sampling | a process used to determine if a chromosome mutation has occured; cells are removed from the membrane surrounding the fetus and analyzed |
| karyotype | a display of all of the chromosome in a cell |
| sickle cell anemia | a disease that causes the red blood cells of the individual to look like a quarter moon shape. |
| AA | the genotype of a person with normal hemoglobin |
| AS | the genotype of a person who is resistant to malaria; have some normal red blood cell and some that are quarter moon shape |
| SS | the genotype of a sickle cell sufferer |
| multiple allele | a trait has one gene but has three or more alleles; Ex. ABO blood types and Rh blood types |
| polygenic | a trait that is controlled by many genes Ex. hair color, height, weight, and skin color |
| genotype(s) for blood type A | IAi and IAIA |
| genotype(s) for blood type B | IBi and IBIB |
| genotype(s) for blood type O | ii |
| genotype(s) for blood type AB | IAIB |
| A+ | blood type that has a antigens and Rh antigens |
| O- | universal donor; blood type with no blood antigens on the surface of the red blood cell |
| AB+ | universal recipient; an individual with this blood type can receive all the blood types because they do not produce antibodies agaist blood antigens |
| antigens | proteins found on the surface of a cell |
| antibodies | special proteins produced by the immune system to fight foreign cells |
| Rh+ | the term used to describe an individual that has the Rh antigen on the surface of the red blood cell |
| Rh- | the term used to describe an individual that does not have Rh antigens on the surface of the red blood cell |
| genotype for Rh+ individuals | Rh+Rh- and Rh+Rh+ |
| genotype for Rh- individuals | Rh-Rh- |
| Pedigree | A visual representation of a disease or disorder through many generations of a family |
| Hemophilia | known as the "bleeder's disease" |
