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| Linked genes | Genes that are located on the same chromosome and that tend to be inherited together. |
| Genetic recombination | The production of offspring with new combinations of traits different from those combinations found in the parents; results from the events of meiosis and random fertilization. |
| Sex-linked genes | Genes located on sex chromosomes. The term is commonly applied only to genes on the X chromosome. |
| nucleotide | are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA. |
| amino acid | An organic compound containing an amino group (NH2), a carboxylic acid group (COOH), and any of various side groups, especially any of the 20 compounds that have the basic formula NH2CHRCOOH, and that link together by peptide bonds to form proteins or that function as chemical messengers and as intermediates in metabolism. |
| polypeptide | A peptide consisting of 2 or more amino acids. "Amino acids make up polypeptides which |
| codons | sets of three bases that specify an amino acid or signal the end of the protein. The cellular machinery uses these instructions to assemble a string of corresponding amino acids (one amino acid for each three bases) that form a protein. |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical blueprint for a protein product. "mRNA is transcribed from a DNA template |
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) | is a small RNA molecule (usually about 74-95 nucleotides) that transfers a specific active amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation |
| Ribosomal RNA | a molecular component of a ribosome, the cell's essential protein factory. Strictly speaking, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) does not make proteins. It makes polypeptides (assemblies of amino acids) that go to make up proteins. |
| Ribosomes | a submicroscopic cluster of proteins and RNA, occurring in great numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells, that takes part in the manufacture of proteins. |
| mutation | There is a change in genetic material - a random change in a gene or chromosome resulting in a new trait or characteristic that can be inherited. "Mutation can be beneficial |
| Mutations -substitutions | A substitution is a mutation that exchanges one base for another (-a change in a single chemical letter.) |
| Mutations -insertions | Insertions are mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA. |
| Mutations -Deletions | are when a section of DNA is lost, or deleted. |
| Mutations -Frameshift | Since protein-coding DNA is divided into codons three bases long, insertions and deletions can alter a gene so that its message is no longer correctly parsed. |
| Gene therapy | is the insertion of genes into an individual's cell and biological tissues to treat disease, such as cancer where deleterious mutant alleles are replaced with functional ones. |
| cell differentiation | is a process in which a generic cell develops into a specific type of cell in response to specific triggers from the body or the cell itself. |
| gene expression | the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. |
| gene regulation | a process in which a cell determines which genes it will express and when. |
| Biogeography | Is the study of the geographic distribution of species. |
| comparative embryology | A branch of embryology that deals with the similarities and differences in the development of animals or plants of different orders. |
| molecular biology | the study of biochemistry at a molecular level. |
| CROSSING OVER | is an exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. It is one of the final phases of genetic recombination, which occurs during prophase I of meiosis (diplotene) in a process called synapsis. It usually occurs when matching regions on matching chromosomes break and then reconnect to the other chromosome. |
