| A | B |
|---|
| valence electron | an electron in the outer energy level of an atom |
| oxidation number | a positive or negative number that indiates how many electrons an atom has lost, gained, or shared when bonding with other atoms |
| subscript | a number in a chemical formula that tells how many atoms are present |
| coefficient | a number in front of a chemical formula that indicates how many sets of that compound are present |
| ion | a positively or negatively charged atom |
| ionic bond | formed by the attraction between opposite charges of the ions in an ionic compound; found between a metal and a nonmetal |
| covalent bond | a type of bond formed between 2 or more nonmetals when they share electrons |
| diatomic bond | 2 of the same nonmetal; BrINCLHOF |
| polyatomic ion | ions that contain more than nonmetal that behave as a single, charged unit when forming chemical bonds |
| octet rule | states that all atoms are "driven" to have full outer energy levels; 8 except for H and He |
| reactant | substance on the left side of a chemical equation that participates in a chemical reaction |
| product | substance on the right side of the chemical equation that is formed as a result of a chemical reaction |
| (aq) | aqueous (dissolved in water) |
| (cr) | crystalline solid (cr) |
| -> | yields or produces |
| catalyst | used to speed up a reaction but is not permanently changed during the reaction |
| inhibitor | helps to prevent or slow down a reaction but is "used" up because it chemically binds with one of the reactants |
| synthesis | also called addition; 2 or more substances react to form one product |
| decomposition | one reactant breaks down into 2 or more simpler products |
| single displacement | a more "active" metal replaces a less active one |
| double displacement | 2 elements from 2 different compounds swap places with each other to form 2 new compounds |
| endothermic reaction | more energy is required (absorbed) to break the reactant bonds than is released from the formation of the new product bonds (feels cold) |
| exothermic reaction | less energy is required (absorbed) to break the reactant bonds than is released from the formation of the product bonds (gives off heat or light) |
| solution | a homogeneous mixture containing particles so tiny that they cannot be seen even with a microscope |
| solute | the substance that is dissolved |
| solvent | the substance that is actually doing the dissolving |
| solubility | the amount of a substance that will dissolve in 100g of solvent at a particular temperature |
| electrolyte | a substance that separates or forms ions in a solution, making the solution an electrical conductor |
| polar covalent bond | nonmetals are not sharing the electrons evenly; causes a "local" charge |
| nonpolar covalent bond | nonmetals share electrons evenly |
| dissociation | process where a base is dissolved to form ions |
| acid | a polar covalent substance that produces positive hydrogen ions in solutions |
| base | an ionic substance that produces negative hydroxide ions in solution |
| indicator | organic compound that changes color in the presence of an acid or a base |
| neutralization | a chemical reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water |
| pH | a measure of the strength of an acid or a base; measures the concentration of hydronium ions in the solution |
