| A | B |
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| Most of Earth's liquid fresh water is in the form of _____. | groundwater |
| The water cycle is made up of several processes, they are... | evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and the eventual return of flowing water to the ocean |
| The process that changes a liquid into a gas | evaporation |
| Water vapor enters the atomosphere when it is released from the leaves of trees and other plants in a process called ______. | transpiration |
| Because colder air can hold less water vapor than warm air, _____ occurs. | condensation |
| Forms of precipitation are... | rain, snow, sleet, hail, or freezing rain |
| a large mass of moving ice and snow on land | glacier |
| A small portion of Earth's fresh water is located in the atmosphere, streams, and lakes, but most is located in ____ and ____. | groundwater and glaciers |
| water that flows over Earth's surface | runoff |
| the movement of water among the oceans, atmosphere, on land and below the ground is called... | water cycle |
| A major river that has many smaller streams | tributary |
| Area of land that contributes water to a river system | watershed |
| a region where the pore spaces are entirely filled with groundwater | saturated zone |
| the top of a saturated zone | water table |
| A rock is _____ if water can pass through it. | permeable |
| Rocks are _____ if water cannot easily pass through them. | impermeable |
| ____ makes up about one quarter of all fresh water. | groundwater |
| Large pieces that break off when a glacier reaches the ocean | icebergs |
| the process that wears down and carries away rock and soil | erosion |
| Erosion acts through... | weathering, gravity, movement of streams, groundwater, glaciers, wind, and waves. |
| the process by which rocks are chemically altered or physically broken down into fragments at or near Earth's surface | weathering |
| 2 forms of weathering are... | mechanical and chemical |
| the process of physically breaking rock into smaller fragments | mechanical weathering |
| when rocks scrape or grind against one another | abrasion |
| a process in which rock is broken down by chemical reactions | chemical weathering |
| Frost wedging (potholes), abrasion, cracks by plant roots are examples of _____ weathering. | mechanical |
| The main agent of chemical weathering is | water |
| Pits or holes and rusting are examples of ____ weathering. | chemical |
| The rate at which weathering takes place depends on three main factors: ___, ___, and ____. | temperature, availability of water, and type of rock. |
| the downward movement of rack and soil due to gravity | mass movement |
| What are 4 types of mass movement? | landslides, mudflows, creep, slumping |
| The rapid movement of large amounts of rock and soil | landslide |
| rapid mass movements of soil and other sediment mixed with water | mudflows |
| when soil gradually moves down a slope, usually occurs because a formation of ice or alternate freezing and thawing of water in soil | creep |
| when weak layers of soil or rock suddenly move downslope as a single unit (leaves a curves scar) | slumping |
| primary force of erosion | gravity |
| the process in which sediment is laid down in new locations | deposition |
| most sediment is moved and deposited by _____ water | flowing |
| The process of particles bouncing along a stream bottom | saltation |
| A stream's ability to erode depends mainly on its ______. | speed |
| V-shaped valleys, waterfalls, meanders, and oxbow lakes are all forms of ______. | water erosion |
| flat area along a stream that is entirely covered only during times of flood | flood plain |
| a loop-like bend in a river | meander |
| a separate, curved lake | oxbow lake |
| a mass of sediment deposited where a river enters a large body of water | delta |
| a fan-shaped deposit of sediment on land | alluvial fan |
| Alluvial fans and deltas form from sediment deposited by ____. | moving water |
| The process of chemical weathering causes much groundwater erosion, including the formation of ___ and ____. | caves and sinkholes |
| Caves usually form when they are in the ___ zone (below the water table). | saturated |
| If the water drips from the cavern ceiling, an icicle-like formation forms | stalactite |
| If the water drips down to the floor, a pillar of minerals forms | stalagmite |
| the hole that is formed when erosion weakens a layer of limestone and entire portions of the ground suddenly collapse | sinkhole |
| _____ form in places where more snow falls than melts or sublimates. | Glaciers |
| a thick sheet of ice that covers a huge area such as a continent or island | continental glacier |
| A glacier that occurs in high mountain valley | valley glacier |
| A process that occurs if a glacier moves downhill, loosening and lifting pieces of rock from the ground underneath | plucking |
| Glaciers cause many distinctive features in the landscape, including ___, ____, ____, ____. | cirques, horns, U-shaped valleys, and glacial lakes |
| a large bowl-shaped valley carved out of a mountainside (ice cream scoop) | cirque |
| When a glacier melts, it deposits its load of ______ , creating a variety of landforms | sediment |
| Glacial sediment | till |
| mounds of sediment at the downhill end of the glacier and along its sides | moraine |
| several ridges connect to form a pyramid-shaped peak | horn |
| When glaciers flow through V-shaped valleys cut by running water, they widen them into ______. | U-shaped valleys |
| Wind erodes the land by ____ and ____. | deflation and abrasion |
| when wind picks up and carries away loose surface material | deflation |
| Features deposited by wind include ___ and ____. | dunes and loess |
| Deposits formed from windblown dust | loess |
| Deposits formed from windblown sand | dunes |
