| A | B |
|---|
| Panic of 1819 | First true American depression, it was caused by over speculation on land and easy credit practices by banks. |
| putting-out system | The American domestic system; women working at home to produce goods for manufacturers. |
| voluntary association | Formed in the 1820s and 1830s, these groups sought to accomplish strength in the family and community, and encourage socialibility. |
| mountain men | White fur traders such as Jedediah Smith, Jim Beckwourth and Kit Carson who explored the west and performed astounding feats of courage and survival. |
| Five Civilized Tribes | Cherokee, Creeks, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Seminole: years of mixed marriages and commercialism have changed the make up of these tribes. |
| Indian Removal Act | Called for the removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia to Oklahoma in 1830. |
| Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia | Court cases that determined that the Cherokee were "domestic dependents" and entitled to Federal protection. |
| Five Points District | Slum area in New York City where Irish immigrants lived in poverty. |
| squatters | People who illegally stayed on land. |
| "middling class" | Farmers and artisans whose ideal was self-employment. |
| subsistence farming | The planting of just enough food to feed the family. |
| commercial farming | Cash crops like wheat or cotton to sell in local or distant markets. |
| specie | Gold used to pay for federal land. |
| Robert Fulton | Invented the first useable steamboat (Clermont) in 1807. |
| Gibbons v. Ogden | Determined that only the Congress can regulate trade were it found that Robert Fulton had created a monopoly with his steamboat. |
| Erie Canal | Also known as "Clinton's Ditch" the canal was finished in 1825 and connected Albany to Buffalo. It also made New York harbor accessible to inland waterways. |
| American System | System created by Henry Clay that promoted the building of road and canal to open up the west to manufacturing. |
| Waltham and Lowell mills | The first American mills that produced finished good. They also employed women in the factories and men in the surrounding fields, thus preserving the family unit. |
| separate spheres | Doctrine that middle-class men were superior in making money and women were superior for their moral influence on family members. |
| "The Young Man's Guide" | Written by William Alcott, this moralist guide for young men help advise them to develop habitual recititude, self-control and character. |
| "Letters to Mother" | Written by Lydia Sigourney in 1838, it instructed mother s to discipline their children by loving them and using the withdrawal of affection rather then using physical punishment. |
| Alexis de Tocqueville | Frenchman who wrote "Democracy in America" in 1835 citing the "general equality of condition among people" as the most important shaping force of American society. |
