| A | B |
|---|
| abdominal paracentesis | puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of peritoneal fluid in the peritoneal cavity |
| abdominal sonogram | ultrasound image of the abdomen to detect disease or deformity in organs and vascular structure |
| abdominocentesis | puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of the fluid |
| anal fistula | an abnormal, tube-like passageway from the anus that may connect with the rectum |
| anal fistulectomy | excision of an anal fistula |
| anastomosis | union of two hollow vesicles a technique used in bowel surgery |
| ankyloglossia | tongue-tie; a defect of the tongue characterized by a short thick frenulum |
| anorexia | loss of appetite |
| antacid | a drug that neutralizes a stomach acid |
| antiemetic | one that prevents or stops vomitting |
| antispasmodic | a drug that decreases motility in the gastrointestinal tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea |
| anus | opening of the rectum to the outside of the body |
| aphagia | inabiity to swallow |
| appendectomy | excision of the diseased appendix |
| appendicitis | inflammation of the appendix |
| ascending colon | portion of the colon that extends upward from the cecum |
| ascites | accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity |
| bariatric surgery | treatment of morbid obesity by surgery to the stomach/or intestines |
| barium enema | xray imaging of the colon after administration of an enema containing a contrast medium |
| barium swallow | xray of the esophagus only often used to locate swallowed objects |
| biliary ducts | ducts that convey bile; include the hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts |
| biopsy (Bx) | removal and microscopic study of tissue for pathological examination |
| buccal | in the cheeck |
| capsule endoscopy | examination of the small intestine made by a tiny video camera placed in a capsule and then swallowed images are transmitted to a waist-belt recorder and then downloaded onto a computer for assessment of possible abnormalities traditional endoscopy cannot completely access the small intestine because of its length and complexity |
| cardiac sphincter | opening from the esophagus to the stomach |
| cathartic | a drug that causes movement of the bowels also called a laxative |
| cecum | first part of the large intestine |
| cheeks | lateral walls of the mouth |
| cheilitis | inflammation of the lip |
| cheiloplasty | repair of the lip |
| cholangiogram | xray image of the bile duct often performed during surgery |
| cholangitis | inflammation of the bile ducts; |
| cholecystectomy | excision of the gall bladder; common treatment for systematic gall bladder disease |
| cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder |
| cholecystogram | xray image of the gall bladder obtained after oral ingestion of iodine |
| choledocholithiasis | presence of stones in the common bile duct |
| cholelithiasis | presence of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts |
| cirrhosis | chronic disease characterized by degeneration of liver tissue; most often caused by alcoholism or a nutritional deficiency |
| colitis | inflammation of the colon |
| colon | portions of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum; identified by direction or shape |
| colonoscopy | examination of the colon using a flexible colonoscope |
| colorectal polyps | benign tissue growths on the mucous membrane lining the large intestine and rectum; adenomatous types are precancerous and likely to develop into malignancy |
| colostomy | creation of an opening of the colon through the abdominal wall to create an abdominal anus allowing stool to bypass a diseased portion of the colon |
| computed tomography of the abdomen | a cross sectional xray of the abdomen used to identitfy a condition in the gastro-intestinal tract |
| constipation | infrequent or incomplete bowel movements characterized by hardened, dry stool that is difficult to pass |
| defecation | evacuation of feces from the rectum |
| descending colon | portion of the colon that extends downward form the transverse colon |
| diarrhea | frequent loose or liquid stools |
| diverticulitis | inflammation of diverticula |
| diverticulosis | presence of diverticula in the gastrointestinal tract, especially the colon |
| diverticulum | an abnormal side pocket in the gastrointestinal tract; usually related to a lack of dietary fiber |
| duodenal ulcer | ulcer located in the duodenum |
| duodenum | first portion of the small intestine |
| dysentery | inflammation of the intestive characterized by frequent, bloody stools; most often caused by bacteria or protozoa |
| dyspepsia | indigestion |
| dysphagia | difficulty swallowing |
| endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) | endoscopic procedure including x-ray fluoroscopy to examine the ducts of the liver, gallbladder, biliary ducts, and pancreas includes use of instruments to obtain tissue samples extract biliary stones relieve obstructions etc |
| Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) | images produced using a sonographic transducer within an endoscope to evaluate abnormalities of the upper and lower gi tract and adjacent structure |
| endoscopy | examination within a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnosis or treatment; used in the gastrointestinal tract to detect abnormalities and to perform procedures such as biopsy, excision of lesions, and therapeutic interventions |
| enteritis | inflammation of the small intestine |
| epigastric region | upper middle region below the sternum |
| eructation | belch |
| esophageal varices | swollen, twisted veins in the esophagus that are especially susceptible to ulceration and hemorrhage |
| esophagitis | inflammation of the esophagus |
| esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) | EGD; examination of the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with a flexible endocope for diagnostic and or therapeutic purposes such as biopsy excision of lesions removal of swallowed objects dilation of obstructions stent palcement measures to control hemorrhage |
| esophagoplasty | repair of the esophagus |
| esophagus | muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach |
| excisional biopsy | removal of an entire lesion |
| feces | waste formed by the absorption of water in the large instestine;usually solid |
| flatulence | gas in the stomach or intestines |
| fluoroscopy | examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope for diagnostic purposes or to perform surgery |
| gallbladder | receptacle that stores and concentrates the bile produced in the liver |
| gastrectomy | partial or complete removal of the stomach |
| gastric lavage | oral insertion of a tube into the stomach for examination and treatment such as to remove blood clots from the stomach or to monitor bleeding |
| gastric resection | partial removal and repair of the stomach |
| gastric ulcer | ulcer located in the stomach |
| gastritis | inflammation of the stomach |
| gastroenterostomy | formation of an artificial opening between the stomach and small intestine |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | GERD; backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus |
| gingivitis | inflammation of the gums |
| glossectomy | excision of all or part of the tongue |
| glossitis | inflammation of the tongue |
| glossorrhaphy | suture of the tongue |
| gums | tissue covering the processes of the jaws |
| halitosis | bad breath |
| hematemesis | vomiting blood |
| hematochezia | red blood in stool |
| hemorrhoid | swollen, twisted vein in the anal region |
| hemorrhoidectomy | excision of hemorrhoids |
| hepatic lobectomy | excision of a lobe of the liver |
| hepatitis A | inflammation of the liver caused by the hep. A virus usually transmitted orally through fecal contamination of food or water |
| hepatitis B | inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus which is transmitted sexually or by exposed to contaminated blood or body fluids |
| hepatitis C | inflammation of the liver caused by the hep C virus which is transmitted by exposure to infected blood this strain is rarely contracted sexually |
| hepatomegaly | enlarged liver |
| hernia | protrusion of a part from its normal location |
| hernioplasty | repair of a hernia |
| herniorrhaphy | repair of a hernia |
| hiatal hernia | protrusion of a part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm |
| hyperbilirubinemia | excessive level of bilirubin in the blood |
| hypochondriac regions | upper lateral regions beneath the ribs |
| hypogastric region | region below the navel |
| icterus/jaundice | yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera, and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood |
| ileitis | inflammation of the lower portion of the small intestine |
| ileostomy | surgical creation of an opening of the abdomen to which the end of the ileum is attached providing a passageway for ileal discharges; performed after removal of the colon |
| ileum | third portion of the small intestine |
| incarcerated hernia | hernia that is swollen and fixed within a sac, causing an obstruction |
| incisional biopsy | removal of a portion of a lesion |
| inguinal hernia | protrusion of a loop of the intestine through layers of the abdominal wall in the inguinal region |
| inguinal regions | lower lateral groin regions |
| intussusception | prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the adjoining part |
| jejunum | second portion of the small intestine |
| laparoscopic cholecystectomy | excision of the gall bladder through the laparoscope |
| laparoscopic surgery | abdominal surgery using a laparoscope |
| laparoscopy | examination of the abdominal cavity for diagnostic purposes and or examination |
| laparotomy | incision into the abdomen |
| large intestine | large tubular structure that receives the liquid waste products of digestion, reabsorbs water and minerals, and forms and stores feces for defecation |
| lips | fleshy structures surrounding the mouth |
| liver | organ in the upper right quadrant that produces bile, which is secreted into the doudenum during digestion |
| lower gastrointestinal (GI) series | xray imaging of the colon after administration of an enema containing a contrast medium |
| lumbar regions | middle lateral regions |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | a non-ionizing imaging technique for visualizing the abdominal cavity to identify disease or deformity in the gi tract |
| melena | dark-colored, tarry stool caused by old blood |
| mouth | cavity that receives food for digestion |
| nasogastric (NG) intubation | insertion of tube through the nose into the stomach for various purposes |
| nausea | feeling sick in the stomach |
| needle biopsy | percutaneous removal of tissue or fluid using a special hollow needle |
| omentum | an extension of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and connecting it with other abdominal organs |
| oral cavity | cavity that receives food for digestion |
| palate | structure that forms the roof of the mouth; divided into the hard and soft palate |
| pancreas | gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenem, where it mixes with bile to digest food |
| pancreatectomy | excision of the pancreas |
| pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas |
| parotitis/parotiditis | inflammation of the parotid gland; also called mumps |
| pediculated polyps | projected on a stalk |
| peptic ulcer disease (PUD) | sore on the mucous membrane of the stomach, duodenum, or any other part of the gastrointestinal system exposed to gastric juices; commonly caused by infection with the Helicobacter pylori bacteria |
| peritoneal cavity | space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum |
| peritoneum | membrane surrounding the entire abdominal cavity and consisting of the parietal layer and the visceral layer |
| peritonitis | inflammation of the peritoneum |
| pharynx | throat; passageway for food traveling to the esophagus and for air traveling to the larynx |
| polypectomy | excision of polyps |
| proctitis | inflammation of the rectum and the anus |
| proctoplasty | repair of the anus and rectum |
| proctoscopy | examination of the rectum and anus with a proctoscope |
| pyloric sphincter | opening from the stomach into the duodenum |
| pyloric stenosis | narrowed condition of the pylorus |
| radiography | xray imaging used to detect a conditon of anomaly of within the gi tract |
| rectal ampulla | dilated portion of the rectum just above the anal canal |
| rectum | distal portion of the large intestine |
| salivary glands | 3 pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva;the parotid; submandibular; sublingual |
| sessile polyp | lying flat on the surface |
| sialoadenitis | inflammation of the salivary gland |
| sigmoid colon | portion of the colon that terminates at the rectum |
| sigmoidoscopy | examination of the sigmoid colon with a rigid or flexible sigmoiodoscope |
| small bowel series | xray exam of the small intestine |
| small intestine | smaller tubular structure that digest food received from the stomach |
| sonography | ultrasound imaging |
| steatorrhea | feces containing fat |
| stomach | sac-like organ taht chemically mixes and prepares food received from the eosphagus |
| uvula | small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate |
| tongue | muscular structure of the floor of the mouth covered by mucous membrane and secured by a band-like membrane known as the frenulum |
| teeth | hared bony projections in the jaws for masticating food |
| vermiform appendix | worm-like projection of lymphatic tissue hanging off the cecum with no digestive function; may help to resist infection |
| transverse colon | portion of the colon that extends across from the ascending cecum |
| umbilical region | region of the navel |
| sublingual/hypoglossal | under the tongue |
| stomatitis | inflammation of the mouth |
| ulcerative colitis | chronic inflammation of the colon with ulcerations |
| strangulated hernia | hernia that is constricted, cut off from circulation, and likely to become gangrenous |
| umbilical hernia | protursion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall aroung the umbilicus |
| volvulus | twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction ; |
