| A | B |
|---|
| active transport | using energy to transport a particle through a membrane against a concentration |
| cell surface marker | long exterior arm, often with carbohydrates attached to them, identifys the cell |
| channel | cell surface protien with a series fo nonppolar amino aacid sequences, causing them to loop back and forth through the membrane bilayar many times |
| receptor | the cell's communication "machinery" special proteins on the cell surface |
| chemosynthesis | process by which cell's pump protens across a plasma membrane and use the resulting proten gradient to produce ATP |
| closed system | in thermodynamics, a system that allows no matter or energy to enter or leave |
| Energy | capacity for doing work, often described as the ability to make things move or change |
| solution | homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances |
| enzymes | protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction |
| catalysis | process of increasing a chemical reaction of a cataylyst |
| catalyst | material that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used itself |
| activation energy | amount of enrgy requiered to start a chemical reaction |
| endergonic reation | reation that absorbs free energy |
| exerrgonic reation | a reaction that releases free energy |
| free enrgy | amount of enrgy avalable for work,e.g. to drive cell activitys |
| products | new substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction |
| reactants | substance that is the starting material in a chemical reaciton |
| chemical reaction | Process by which the atoms of one or more molecules are rearranged to form moleculed of one or more new substances |
| thermodynamics | study of energy transformations |
| second law of thermodynamics | disorder (entropy) in the universe constantly increases in a closed system, energy tends to be converted to less organized (more stable) forms |
| system | inscience, a collectino of related objects that can be studied, such as an organism |
| reduction | gain of electrons by an atom or molecule |
| potential enrgy | the energy an object has because of its position |
| photosynthesis | produces by which organisms use light energy to produce ATP and other organic molecules from inorganic molecules |
| oxidation reduction reaction | by which organisms use light enrgy to produce ATP and other organic moleculed from inorganic moleculed |
| oxidation | loss of electrons by an atom or molecule |
| kinetic energy | energy of an object due to its motion |
| open system | in thermodynamics, a system that exchanges matter and energy with it's suroundings |
| first law of thermodynamics | energy can not be created or destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another |
| entropy | amount of disorder in a systme; amount of unavailable energy in a system |
| cellular respiration | process by which living things obtain enrgy form teh bonds of food molecules |
| autotroph | organism that obtains energy form sunlight or chemicals |
| heterotoph | organism that can not make its own food |
| substrates | the molecule on which an enzyme acts |
| solvent | commponent of a solution in the greater amount |
| solute | commponent of a solution in the lesser amount |
| selectivly permeable | condition in ehich plasma membane allows passage of some solutes but not others |
| pinocytosis | uptake of extracellular fluid by a cell using small vesicles derived form the plasma membraine |
| phagocytosis | process hby which cellular or fragmentary oranic matter is engulfeed by a cell |
| passice transprot | movement of a substance through a cell membrane without the expenditure of cellular energy |
| osmosis | movement of water through a membrane from area of high fconcentration to an area of low concentration |
| isotonic | describes solutinos with equalsolute concentratinos on either of a sectively |
| hypotonic | describes a solution with a lower concentratino of solute molecules than the oslutino across a selecticely permeable membrane |
| hyperonic | describes a solutino with a higher concentration of solute moleculed thatthe solution across a selecticely permeable membrane |
| facilitated diffusion | transprot of substatnces through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier molecules |
| exocytosis | the dumping fo excetions or wast materials outside a cell by dicharging them form waste vacuoles that fuse with the plasma membrane |
| equilibrium | state in a chemical reatino when teh rates of the forward adn reverse reactions are equal |
| endocytosis | the cell engulfs the particle because it is to large for a protein channel |
| diffusion | net movememtn of particles form an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentrartion |
| allosteric enzyme | an enzyme whose shape can be altered by the binding of a singnal molecule to its surface |
| allosteric site | the site where the signal molecule binds to an allosteric enzyme's surface |
| biochemical pathway | series of enzyme-catalyzed reations that perform a specific functino |
| coenzyme | nonprotein molecule that assiots an enzyme in carrying out a reaction |
| coupled reaaction | endergonic reaction that is driven by the spliting of ATP molecules |
| feedback inhibition | negative feedback mechanism in whihc the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme that catalyzes a reactino previous in the pathway |
| metabolism | sumof all chemical processes occuring in an organism |
| NAD | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; oxidized form of a coenzyme that acts as an electron carrier in oxidatino-reducitno reactions of cell metabolism |
| NADH | reduced form of NAD |
