| A | B |
|---|
| bipedalism | The habit and action of walking upright on two feet |
| Hominin | bipedal primate |
| Hominid | Includes the hominins and the Great Apes |
| Hominoid | Super family where all the apes and humans belong |
| S-shaped spine | The shape of the spine in humans. Adapted to bring the centre of gravity to the middle of the body |
| Brow Ridge | A bony growth above the eyes that is a development to help strengthen the skull for chewing |
| Degree of prognathism | The outward projection of the face especially around the mouth and cheek regions |
| Foramen Magnum | Opening at the base of the skull connected to the spine. Indicates bipedalism |
| Oldowan tools | Made by Homo habilis, simple pebbles with a minimum of flakes removed. |
| Acheulian tools | Made by Homo erectus, tear drop shaped, bi-facial. |
| Mousterian tools | Made by Neanderthals, made out of flint, more refined tools. |
| Upper Paleolithic tools | Made by Homo sapiens, made of flint, much finer workmanship, other material used (bone, ivory, etc). |
| Cultural Evolution | The non-genetic adaptations passed on to offspring, e.g. beliefs. |
| Multiregional Hypothesis | Constant genetic flow, fossils show transitional stages to support the theory. |
| Replacement Hypothesis | Modern Homo sapiens came from Africa and replaced archaic forms, supported by Mitochondri DNA. |
| Biological Evolution | Transmission of factors inherited by parents, e.g. skeletal changes. |
| Australopithecus afarensis | Start to walk bipedial. long arms, curved fingers and toes; Ape like features. Teeth, craniums smaller than apes and bigger than Humans; Human like features. |
| Paranthropus robustus | Heavy build, small incisors and canines, flat face, long arms, Ate; material that requred alot of chewing, e.g. course plants, Years, 2.2- 1.5 mya, Found in South Africa |
| Homo Habilis | Long arms, small face, Handy Man (stone tool technology), opportunistic feeder, Years; 2- 1.5 mya Found in Eastern & Southern Africa |
| Nuchal Crest | Muscle attachment to keep head facing forwards. |
| Saggital Crest | Supports large jaw muscles. |
| Broca's Area | Associated with speech production - left side of brain. |
| Valgus | The angle of the femur with the midline of the body. Can be used to indicate bipedalism |
| U-shape | The shape of the lower jaw of primates and hominins |
| Wernicke's Area | Associated with understanding speech and writing - left side of brain. |
| Homo neanderthalensis | 130,000-30,000ya. Large brow ridge, occiptal bun at back of neck for muscle attachment, cranial volume 1200-1750cm3. Limb bones thick and strong (cold adapted). |
| Homo Erectus | Robust but human like structure, smaller teeth than H. Habilis, using stone tools and fire, and thought to be the first Human to venture from Africa, Years; 1.8- 0.3 mya, Found in Africa, Asia, Indonesia, and posibly Erope. |
| Archaic Homo Sapian | First to use language, Higher cranium, Similar to H. erectus but smaller teeth. Years; 400,000-100,000ya, Found in Africa, Asia, and Eroupe. |
