| A | B |
|---|
| What are plate tectonics? | changes in the configuration of Earth's crust as a result of internal forces. |
| What features are associated with a subduction zone? | when continental crust and oceanic crust slowly collide, the denser ocean floor will grind beneath the lighter continental crust. The subducted portion is dragged down into the mantle where it remelts and is recycled as magma. |
| What is an example of a subduction zone? | deep ocean trenches |
| What features are associated with a hot spot? | individual sites of upwelling material arriving at the service in tall plumes from the mantle. occur beneath both oceanic and continental crust and are probably anchored deep in the stiff lower mantle. |
| What is an example of a hot spot? | Hawaiian-Emperor Islands chain |
| What is a rock? | an assembly of minerals bound togeterh or sometimes a mass of a single mineral (rock salt). |
| What is a mineral? | inorganic natural compund having a specific chemical formula and possessing a crystalline structure. |
| What are the major classes of minerals? | Silicates (Quartz, Granite) Oxides (Iron) Carbonates (Calcite) Sulfides Sulfates(sulfer, oxygen) Nalides (salts, halite-NACL) Native elements (copper, silver, gold, and diamonds put in a group) |
| Attributes of a Mineral | must be found in nature, must be totally inorganic, must have some chemical composition everywhere, must have atoms arranged in a regular pattern and for crystals. |
| What is the rock cycle? | METAMORPHIC ROCKS -> melt -> cool, solidification -> IGNEOUS ROCKS -> weather, erosion, transport -> sediment -> compaction, cementation, chemical actions (lithification) -> SEDIMENTARY ROCKS -> heat, intense pressure (metamorphism) |
| What is weathering? | large rocks are broken apart into smaller and smaller pieces |
| What are the major weathering processes? | Physical, Chemical, Biological |
| What occurs in the physcial process? | frost action, temp changes, wind-blown sand, and mass wasting |
| What occurs in the chemical process? | Salt action - crystals grow causing grain by grain disintegration. Oxidation - dissolved oxygen in water attacks metals. Hydrolysis - soaking until a chemical change occurs. Carbonic Acid - rain water. |
| What occurs in the biological process? | Burrowing Animals - worms and insects. Microorganisms - lichen |
| Histosol | soil with a thick upper layer of organic material, frequently developed on peat bogs |
| Vertisol | soils of subtropical and tropical locations with high clay content. these shrink when it is dry and swell when it is wet. So they present problems to building foundations. |
| Aridisol | soils of dry climates with accumulations of calcium and soluable salts. these are desert soils. |
| Mollisol | soils of mid-latitude semiarid climate. they have a brown to black A horizon with high organic content developed under grasslands. Very fertile |
| Spodosol | The true podzolic soil. They develop under a cold needle leaf forest (spruce and fir trees) and have a distinctive ash-gray B horizon with aluminum and iron compounds. they tend to be sandy, acid of low fertility. |
| What does peat moss form? | bogs that grow at the edge of water |
| What is parent material? | rock that is weathered apart to make soil? |
| Sand | gritty (coarse) |
| Silt | in between gritty and fine |
| Clay | microscopic (fine) |
| Dirt is? | soil that has been moved |
| Soil is? | the outer covering of l and areas of the earth consisting of both organic and inorganic matter. |
| What is mass wasting? | movement downhill due to gravity |
| What is an example of mass wasting? | avalanche, rocks falling |
| What are the soil forming factors? | climate, parent material, biota, topography, time |
| What is structure? | the characteristic shape to which the individual soil particles aggregate. |
| What are the soil colors? | black - high humus content red,orange-oxidized iron gray, blue-reduced iron white, light-calcium |
| What are the soil properties? | horizons, color, organic content, ph, texture, and structure |
| What are the horizons? | O, organic - litter, detritus, humus A, top soild - greatest amt. of organic material E, zone of eluviation - exit (looses various clay minerals) B, zone of illuviation, high clay - into(gains various clay minerals) C, weathered subsoil |
| What is Van Hoff's rule? | For each 10 degree C increase in temp the rate of biochemical activity doubles. |
