| A | B |
|---|
| metacognition | the capacity to think about thinking |
| contingent truth | knowledge that depends on empirical observation, on information gathered through the senses |
| necessary truth | knowledge that is based on logical necessity, apart from information gathered through the senses |
| hierarchical classification | a classification system in which items are categorized using a hierachy of subordinate and superoridinate clauses |
| matrix classification | a classification system in which items are categorized simultaneousl alone two independent dimensions such as shape and color |
| constructive memory | inferences drawn in the process of storing and remembering information |
| mnemonic strategies | intentional, goal-directed behaviors dexsigned to improve memory |
| rehearsal | the mnemonic strategy of repeating information over and over |
| organizations | the mnemonic strategy of arranging information to be recalled into meaningful categories |
| elaboration | mnemonic strategy of creating a meaningful connection between items to be remembered, either verbally or visually |
| mediation deficiencies | problems in mnemonic strategy use in which childreen are unable to use a strategy even when adults suggest it |
| prodution deficiencies | problems in mnemonic strategy use in which children do not use a strategy spontaneously, but can use it when instructed to do so |
| utilization deficiences | problems in mnemonic strategy use in which children use a strtegy spontaneously, but without benefit to their memory performance |
| metamemory | knowledge about memory and memory process |
| didactic learning experience | a situation in which a knowledgeable teacher who has already mastered a problem teaches a particular solution to a learner |
| cooperative learning experience | a situation in which learners at approximately the same level of knowledge and skill interact, share ideas, adn discover solutions on their own |
| mental age | on an intelligence test, a measure of a child's level of intellcetual development |
| intelligence quotient | a measure of intelligence based on a comparisoin of a child's performance with the performance of others the same age; originally, mental age divided by chronological age |
| academic intelligence | intellectual capacity as measured by performance on tasks typically encountered in school or on standard IQ tests |
| practival intelligence | intellectual capacity as reflecte in successful performance in natural, everyday, nonschool settings |
| reaction range | the range of possible outcomes from a set of genes, depending on the environment |
| culture free IQ test | an IQ test entirely free of culture-based content |
| culture-fair IQ test | an IQ test that is appropriate for all the cultures in which it is used |
| decontextualized thought | a cognitive skill needed to solve problems that are abstract, self-contained, and removed from any immediate context |
| latency period | Frewud's term form middle childhood, the period in which sexual urges lie relatively dormant |
| sense of industry | in Erikson's theory, the basic belief in one';s own compentence, coupled whith a tendency to initiate activities, seek out learning experiences, and work hard to accomplish goals |
| psychological self | a concept of the self that is made up of psychological characteristics, such as mental abilities and customary ways of feeling |
| metatheory of the self | children's understanding of the nature of selves in general |
| social comparison | the tendency to use others as a source of information in evaluating the self |
| social self | an awareness that the self is intimately tied to other people |
| relational aggression | a form of aggression that includes attemps to exclude peers from activities, to damage their reputations, and to gossip about their negative characteristics or behavior |
| peer group norms | informal rules governing the conduct of children within a peer group |
| border work | rituals of teasing and ostracism with which elementary school children maintain the boundary between their gender-segregated peer groups |
| sociometrics | a research technique used to measure peer status |
| agency | the tendency to take initiative, rise to challenges and try to influence events |
