| A | B |
|---|
| winter monsoon | season wind blow cold, dry air from northern mts. in a south-west direction across India into the indian Ocean |
| summer monsoon | blows warm, moist air from the Indian Ocean in a north-east direction, bringing needed rains |
| Harrappan cities | cities of the indus valley civilization, known for being well-planned out in a grid; therefore indicating they had a well-organized government |
| Harrappan beliefs | polytheistic, believing in many gods, linked to nature |
| Caste System | Included 5 main caste levelsDharma (Varnas): 1. Brahmins (priests); 2) Kshatriyas - warriors, rulers; 3)Vaisyas - landowners, herders, merchants; 4) Sundras - peasants, servants, laborers; 5) Untouchables - outcastes did what no one else would do |
| Difference between caste & class system | Caste system - you stay in the same caste all your life (no movement), but in a class system, you can move (by education, wealth, etc.) |
| Hinduism | polytheistics - thousands of gods representing nature, animals (cows), gods & goddesses |
| Brahman | In Hinduism, the single, spiritual force that is in all things |
| moksha | In Hinduism, the ultimate goal - moment of union with Brhaman, after many reincarnations |
| reincarnation | In Hinduism & Buddhism, the rebirth of the soul into a new body in the next life |
| Karma | In Hinduism & Buddhism, the actions of a person (either good or bad) that affect his/her fate in the next life |
| Dharma | In Hinduism & Buddhism, the universal order of the universe that keeps things in balance - includes one's religious & moral duties |
| Siddhartha Guatama | the founder of Buddhism; later became the "Buddha" |
| The Buddha | Enlightened (wise) one; prophet of Buddhism |
| Four Noble Truths | In Buddhism, the basic teachings; 1) Life is sorrow/suffering; 2) Suffering is caused by the desire for temporary things; 3) To end suffering, one must eliminate selfish desires 4) Eliminate desire by following the Eightfold Path |
| Eightfold Path | In Buddhism, the code of behavior; also the Middle way between selfish desire & self-denial; teaches you how to live your life |
| Nirvana | In Buddhism, the ultimate goal; union with the universe & end to reincarnation (will occur if one has followed the Eightfold path) |
| Differences between Hinduism & Buddhism | Hinduism is polytheistic & has a caste system; Buddhism has NO gods (Buddha is just a prophet) & rejects the caste system |
| Similarities between Hinduism & Buddhism | Both believe in reincarnation, dharma, karma & non-violence |
| 3 Pillars of Indian civilization | 1) Caste system; 2) Family life; 3) Village Life |
| Four basic principles of the Mandate of Heaven | In China, the right to rule is granted by Heaven [the gods]; There is only one heaven; therefore there can only be one ruler; The right to rule is based on the virtue of the ruler; The right to rule is not limited to one dynasty |
| Why the mandate of heaven seemed like a good idea | A good ruler would please the gods and be effective & just in ruling over his people; otherwise, he would loose his Mandate (right to rule) |
| dynasty | ruling family |
| Shang Dynasty Social Order | NOBLE families owned land and controlled Villages where PEASANTS made payments ( called TRIBUTE ) to the Shang ruler |
| Shang beliefs | POLYTHEISTIC but also linked family to religion; believed that ANCESTORS had power and could bring good fortune or disaster; Every family paid respect to the father’s ancestors and made sacrifices to honor them & used ORAL BONES to talk to their ancestors |
| Patriarchal | oldest male is head of the family; true in both india & Shang China. in Shang China, it was the FATHERS FAMILY (ANCESTORS) WHO WERE IMPORTANT |
| Filial piety | the belief that members of a family would obey the male head |
| Zhou China achievements | Advances in farming, such as using iron plows to use more land, improved farming.; Increased growth in trade and manufacturing; Developed a written language based on pictures |
| Zhou social order | b. The lowest class were slaves; c. Peasants continued to work on land that was owned by local lords; Merchant and artisans skilled workers/crafstspeople lived in walled towns and were controlled by local lords |
| Dynastic Cycle | a. Closely tied to Mandate of Heaven: A new dynasty had all the power & ruled successfully; Then power begins to decline; Rebellions and invaders weakened the dynasty; iv. Old dynasty fell and a new one claimed a new Mandate of Heaven |
| Confucius & his childhood | · Confucius had a very difficult childhood because he was poor, crippled and rejected by his father’s family |
| What Confucius valued | honor & duty |
| Confucius 5 Key Relationships | 1. Parent and child; 2. Husband and wife; 3. Older Sibling and younger sibling; 4. Older friend and younger friend; 5. Ruler and subject |
| Confucius’ Golden Rule | “Do onto others as you would have them do onto you.” |
| Qin Shihuangdi | first emperor, emperor Qin was famous for his brutality |
| Qin Regime | Qin changed Chinese government, making it centralized (together); created a censorate to make sure everyone obeyed him & did their job; a LEGALIST (strict laws & harsh punishments |
| Great Wall | Qin also connected existing walls in the north of China to start the Great Wall as a means to kee3p out Mongol invaders |
| LEGALISM | believed humans were evil by nature and deserved harsh laws & harsh punishments; believed in having a strong ruler; (you couldn’t whine or complain Qin China & You couldn’t make suggestions, you would be put to death) |
| HAN DYNASTY Confucianism or Legalism? | To restore order, The Han ended the harsh punishments of legalism and restored Confucianism - everyone had to study Confucius |
| Silk Road & Cultural Diffusion | Caravan route strechting 4,000 miles from China to the middle East where CULTURAL DIFFUSION took place - the exchange of ideas, customs & goods |
| Civil Service Exam | Ordinary men could take a test to work for the government |
| Life in Han Dynasty | Invention of iron plow & building irrigation cannals increased food production which increased the population |
| Han new technology | made paper out of wood pulp; the first wheel barrow; first fishing reel; developed acupuncture; jade & ivory carvings |
| Daoism | "The Way" harmony with nature; being yourself, going with the flow; balance between female forces & male forces in the universe (Yin & Yang) |
| Laozi | Founder of Daoism |
