| A | B |
|---|
| CULTURE | consists of knowledge, language, values, customs, and physical objects that are passed from generation to generation amon members of a group. |
| MATERIAL CULTURE | physical objects such as skyscrapers, fast-food restaurants, cell phones |
| NON-MATERIAL CULTURE | beliefs, rules, customs, capitalist economy |
| SOCIETY | a group of peoplke who l ive in a defined territory and participate in a common culture. |
| INSTINCTS | genetically inherited patterns of behavior. nonhuman animals are highly dependent on these for survival. humans cannot go very far on these alone. |
| REFLEXES | simple, biologically inherited, automatic reactions to physical stimuli. example, baby cries when pinched. |
| DRIVES | impulses to reduce discomfort. we want to eat, drink, sleep, associate with others |
| SOCIOBIOLOGY | study of the biological basis of human behavior. it combines darwin's theory of natural selection with modern genetics. |
| SYMBOLS | things that stand for or represent something else. |
| HYPOTHESIS OF LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY/SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS | the more words we have for something the more meaning the word has to society. the less words, the less meaning. shows our perception of the world. |
| NORMS | rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior. ways of behaving in certain situations. they help to explain why people in a society or group behave similarly in similar circumstances. ex. basarwa girl in africa engaged to a man she has not yet met. they guide social behavior. cutting in front of someone violates these. |
| FOLKWAYS | rules that cover customary ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving but lack moral overtones. ex. sleeping in a bed rather than on the floor (not a moral issue). ex. supporting school activities, removing your hat in church. disapproval for those that break these are not great. |
| MORES | norms of great moral significance. they are vital to the well-being of a society. conformity to these draws strong social aproval; violation of this brings strong disapproval. ex. men who do not work for a living is scorned. |
| TABOO | Most serious mores. a norm so strong that its violation demands punishment by the group. ex. incest |
| LAW | third type of norm. norms that are formally defined and enforced by officials. consciously created and enforced. |
| SANCTIONS | rewards nd punishments used to encourage conformity to norms. formal or informal |
| FORMAL SANCTIONS | sanctions that may be applied only by officially designated persons such as judges and teachers. |
| INFORMAL SANCTIONS | sanctions that can be applied by most members ofa group. they can be positive or negative. ex. thanking someone for pulling your car out of a snowbank. ex. glaring at someone who is talking loudly during a movie. |
| VALUES | broad ideas about what most people in a society consider to be desireable. so general that they do not dictate precise ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. different people in the same societies can have differences in these. |
| BELIEFS | ideas about the nature of reality. can be true or false. |
| IDEAL CULTURE | refers to cultural guidelines publicly embraced by members of a society |
| REAL CULTURE | refers to ctual behavior patterns which often conflict with these guidelines. |
| SOCIAL CATEGORIES | diversity is a result of this. groups that share a social charactersitic such as age, gender, or religion. certain behaviors are associated with certain groups. |
| SUBCULTURE | part of the dominant culture but differs from it in some important respects. ex. chinatown, internet people. |
| COUNTERCULTURE | a subculture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central beliefs or attitudes of the dominant culture. |
| ETHNOCENTRISM | olympic games is an example, a country touting its best-ness |
| CULTURAL UNIVERSALS | traits that exist in all cultures. ex. sorts, cooking, education |
| CULTURAL PARTICULARS | a cultural universal treated in different ways. ex. caring for children. women typically have cared for children. in new guinea, man is completely in charge of child rearing. |
