| A | B |
|---|
| Culture | knowledge, values, customs, objects shared by a society |
| Society | a specific territory inhabited by people with a common culture |
| Instincts | innate patterns of behavior |
| reflex | automatic reaction to physical stimulus |
| drive | impulse to reduce discomfort |
| sociobiology | study of the biological basis of behavior |
| symbol | a thing that stands for something else |
| hypothesis of linguistic relativity | our idea of reality depends largely upon language |
| norms | rules defining appropriate behavior |
| folkways | norms that lack moral significance |
| mores | norms that have moral dimensions |
| taboo | a rule of behavior, strongly punished if violated |
| law | a norm that is formally defined and enforced by officials |
| sanctions | rewards and punishments used to encourage people to follow norms |
| formal sanctions | sanctions imposed by persons in authority |
| informal sanctions | rewards or punishments that can be applied by most members of a group |
| values | broad ideas about what is good shared by a people in a society |
| nonmaterial culture | ideas, knowledge, and beliefs that influence behavior |
| beliefs | ideas about the nature of reality |
| material culture | the concrete, tangible, objects of a culture |
| ideal culture | cultural guidelines that group members claim to accept |
| real culture | actual behavior patterns of members of a group |
| social categories | groupings of persons who share a social characteristic |
| subculture | a group that is part of the dominant culture but differs in some important way |
| counterculture | a subculture deliberately opposed to the dominant culture |
| ethnocentrism | judging other in terms of one's own cultural standards |
| cultural universals | general cultural traits that exist in all cultures |
| cultural particulars | the ways in which a culture expresses universal traits |
