| A | B |
|---|
| nationalism | pride in one's country |
| Congress of Vienna | leaders redrew the map of Europe to keep the peace & maintain balance of power |
| Causes of Industrial Revolution | 1) abundance of coal, iron & natural harbors in Britain; 2)overseas markets brought money for more investment; 3)steam engine introduced; 4) interchangeable parts - identical components could be used in place of each other made possible the assembly line for mass production |
| Results of the industrial Revolution | 1) urbanization (more people moved to cities to be close to the factories where they worked; 2) mass production made goods cheaper and more affordable for everyone; 3) working conditions were poor (long 12 -16 hour days under crowed dangerous conditions; 4) women forced to work in factories for less pay than men & also and at home; 5) child labor for long hours, often under terrible conditions like mines and for little food |
| urbanization | the movement of people to cities (usually to be close to the factories where they worked or sought work) |
| capitalism | free market economy; factors of production are privately owned |
| laissez-faire | "let them do" capitalism - let owners of factories, industry, and business set working conditions without interference |
| Adam Smith | supports free markets in his book "The Wealth of Nations" 1776 - said economic liberty = economic progress based on 3 natural laws: 1)self-interest; 2) competition; 3) the invisible hand = people will pursue what is best for themselves & that will unltimately benefit the nation |
| socialism | the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all; government controls the factors of production; the wealth is distributed equally to all |
| Karl Marx | writes the "Communist Manifesto" in 1848 which describes the "class struggle" between the bourgeosie (Middle Class) and the proletariat (working class) which is the basic idea of Communism |
| proletariat | working class |
| bourgeosie | middle class |
| communism | a form of complete socialism in which the means of production were owned by the people yet controlled by a dictator |
| Women's sufferage | women's right to vote |
| labor unions | formed from the workers to get reforms for better working conditions |
| entrepeneur | person who assumes financial risks in the hope of making a profit |
| scientific revolution | people began to use their human reason to question, observe, and experiment to find the truth and the laws that governed nature rather than rely on tradition & authority |
| Enlightenment | thinkers applied the ideas of the scientific revolution, using human reason to question, observe and experiment to find the laws that govern human nature and that could change society for the better; emphasis on human reason & natural laws |
