| A | B |
|---|
| Personality | a person's broad, long lasting patterns of behavior |
| psychoanalytic theory | a theory that personality is based in impulses and needs in the unconscious |
| unconscious | conflicts from childhood about which we are unaware but still influence behavior |
| free asociation | a method for reaching the unconscious in which a person says everything that comes to mind |
| repression | process of pushing the needs and desires that cause guilt into the unconscious |
| libido | the internal energy force |
| id | psychological unit containing basic needs and drives |
| superego | part of mind that is the conscience |
| ego | part of the mind that is based in reality |
| oral stage | stage in which feeding is the main issue |
| anal stage | toilet training is the conflict |
| phallic stage | stage at which the child has romantic interest in the opposite sex parent and hostility toward the same sex parent |
| latency | earlier conflicts get repressed |
| genital stage | person seeks a martal partner |
| archetypes | Jung's term for inherited universal human concepts |
| collective unconscious | Jung's term for the portion of a person that contains ideas or archetypes |
| persona | a "mask" that people wear to hide what they really feel |
| neo-Freudians | emphasize social forces in the unconscious rather than sexual |
| behaviorism | personality is based on overt acts or behaviors |
| reinforcements | events that follow behavior and strengthen the tendency to repeat those behaviors |
| modeling | learning by imitating others |
| humanism | emphasizes the positive potential of the person |
| ideal self | the person each person would like to be |
| fully functioning individual | a person who has become what he or she should be |
| self actualized | Maslow's term for reaching full potential |
| personality traits | more or less permanent personality characteristics |
| classical conditioning | an association is made between a natural stimulus and a learned neutral stimulus |
| stimulus | anything that elicits a response |
| response | a reaction to a stimulus |
| unconditioned stimulus | a stimulus that automatically elicits a response |
| unconditioned response | an automatic response to a natural stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus | a previously neutral stimulus that has been associated with a natural stimulus |
| conditioned response | a response to a stimulus that is brought about by learning/association |
| generalization | a response spreads from one specific stimulus to other stimuli that resemble the original |
| extinction | the gradual loss of an association over time |
| spontaneous recovery | the sudden reappearance of an extinguished response |
| operant conditioning | conditioning that results from the individual's action and the consequences they cause |
| primary reinforcement | a reward that is necessary for psychological or physical survival |
| secondary reinforcement | anything that comes to represent a primary reinforcer |
| positive reinforcement | strengthening a behavior by giving something pleasant |
| negative reinforcement | strengthening a behavior by removing something unpleasant |
| punishment | weakening a response by following it with unpleasant consequences |
| discrimination | telling the difference between two events/objects |
| shaping | gradually achieving a response by reinforcing closer and closer steps |
| observational learning | seeing and imitating the behavior of others |
| cognitive theory | emphasizes the thinking process' influence on personality |
