| A | B |
|---|
| mitochondria | organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration |
| fermentation | catabolic process that makes limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end-product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid |
| cellular respiration | the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP , in which oxygen is consumed as reactant along with the organic fuel |
| redox reactions oxidation | chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another, also called oxidation-reduction reaction |
| reduction | gaining of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction |
| reducing agent | electron donor in a redox reaction |
| oxidizing agent | the electron acceptor in redox reaction |
| NAD+ | Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in all cells that help enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism |
| glycolysis | the splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration |
| Krebs cycle | chemical cycle involving 8 steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide, occurs within the mitochondrion, the second major stage in cellular respiration |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | The production of ATP using energy derived form the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. |
| Substrate-level phosphorylation | The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism. |
| Acetyl CoA | The entry compound for the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. |
| Cytochrome (cyt) | An iron containing protein, a component of electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts. |
| ATP synthase | A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial cristae that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen-ion concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitochondrion. |
| Chemiosmosis | The production of ATP using the energy of hydrogen ion gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP; powers most ATP synthesis in cells. |
| Proton-motive force | The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis. |
| Aerobic | Containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen. |
| Anaerobic | Lacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it. |
| Alcohol fermentation | The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. |
