| A | B |
|---|
| cells | tiny living structures that make up all living things |
| protoplasm | all living material of a cell |
| cell theory | states that all living things are made of cells and produce cells AND the functions of living things are performed by cells |
| The cell uses | energy |
| The cell manufactures | cellular materials |
| The cell responds to | its environment |
| The cells can | reproduce themselves |
| Membranes | think coverings that surround the outside of the cell as well as many of the smaller structures inside the cell |
| unit membrane | the type of membrane found around all cells and around many of the structures inside the cell |
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | became the first to view cells |
| semipermeable | allow certain molecules to pass through while keeping other molecules out |
| molecule | a small particle of a substance |
| passive transport | the movement of substances through a unit membrane |
| 2 forms of passive transport | diffusion and osmosis |
| diffusion | the movement of molecules from a place where there are many of them to a place where there are few of them |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water through a membrane |
| contractile vacuoles | collect water from the cytoplasm and then squirt it outside the cell |
| active transport | the cell uses its own energy to move substances across a membrane |
| turgor pressure | water pressure inside a plant cell's central vacuole that causes the stiffness of the plant cell |
| cell membrane | a unit membrane that surrounds the cell |
| cell walls | a rigid structure manufactured by a plant cell and secreted around the cell membrane |
| cytoplasm | all the material, except the nucleus, inside the cell |
| cytoplasmic organelles | the parts of the cell that carry on many of the functions necessary to keep the cell alive |
| mitochondria | the cell's powerhouse |
| endoplasmic reticulum | a cellular organelle consisting of a network of membranes; enables substances to be transported throughout the cell |
| ribosomes | the tiny organelles that direct the assembling of proteins |
| proteins | the major building materials of the cell |
| Golgi body | collects chemicals from the cytoplasm |
| vacuoles | the containers of the cell |
| lysosomes | contains digestive enzymes |
| chloroplasts | contain chlorophyll |
| chlorophyll | a green sunlight-gathering chemical |
| photosynthesis | the process of using energy from sunlight to make sugar |
| cilia | tiny hairlike structures extending from the cell membrane |
| flagella | long hairlike extensions that aid the cell in movement |
| nucleus | the control center of the cell |
| chromosomes | a strand of DNA with attached proteins; found in the nucleus |
| paramecium | a single-celled microscopic organism |
| tissue | a group of cells that perform specialized tasks |
| organs | a group of tissues |
| division of labor | each tissue and organ contributes its special functions toward keeping the organism alive |
| ameba | a unicellular organism; has no shape |
| diatoms | single-celled or colonial algae that float in water |
| volvox | a ball of individual cells connected by tiny strands |
| guard cells | found of the surface of plant leaves; surround the stomata and control the opening and closing of the stomata |
| muscle cells | shaped like a cylinder with pointed ends |
