| A | B |
|---|
| Memory | The mental process that enable us to retain and use information over time. |
| Encoding | The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system. |
| Storage | The process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time. |
| Retrieval | The process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it. |
| Stage Model of Memory | A model describing memory as consisting of three distinct stages: sensory memory;short-term; and long term. |
| Sensory | The stage of memory that registers information from the environment and holds it for a brief period of time. |
| Short Term | The active stages of memory in which information is stored for up to about 20 seconds. |
| Long Term | The stage of memory that represents the long-term storage of information. |
| Maintenance Rehearsal | The mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20 second duration of short-term memory. |
| Chunking | Increasing the amount of information that can be held in short term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit. |
| Working Memory | Short term memory system involved in the temporary storage and active manipulation of information. |
| Elaborative Rehearsal | Rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long term memory. |
| Procedural Memory | Category of long term memory that includes memories of different skills operations and actions. |
| Episodic Memory | Category of long term memory that includes memories of particular events. |
| Semantic Memory | Category of long term memory that includes memories of general knowledge of facts names and concepts. |
| Explicit Memory | Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected. |
| Clustering | Organizing items into related groups during recall from long term memory. |
| Semantic Network Model | A model that describes units of information in long term memory as being organized in a complex network of associations. |
| Misinformation effect | A memory distortion phenomenon in which a person s existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading the information. |
| Memory trace | The brain changes associated with a particular stored memory. |
| Memory consolidation | The gradual |
| Long term potentiation | A long lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons. |
| Interference theory | The theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another. |
| Implicit memory | Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected. |
| Imagination inflation | A memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred. |
| Forgetting | The inability to recall information that was previously available. |
| Flashbulb memory | The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid |
| False memory | A distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur. |
| Encoding specificity principle | The principle that when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding |
| Encoding failure | The inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long term memory. |
| Dementia | Progressive deterioration and impairment of memory |
| daja vu | A brief but intense feeling of remembering a scene or an event that is actually being experienced for the first time. |
| decay theory | The view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time. |
| cued recall | A test of long-term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue. |
| context effect | The tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information. |
| anterograde amnesia | Loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories. |
| Amnesia | Severe memory loss. |
| Alzheimer's disease (AD) | A progressive disease that destroys the brain's neurons |
| Tip of the tongue (TOT) experience | A memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long term memory but being temporary unable to retrieve it. |
| Suppression | Motivated forgetting that occurs consciously. |
| Storage | The process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time. |
| Source memory / source monitoring | Memory for when |
| Source confusion | A memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten. |
| Serial position effect | The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle. |
| Script | A schema for the typical sequence of an everyday event. |
| Schema | An organized cluster of information about a particular topic. |
| Retrograde amnesia | Loss of memory |
| Retroactive interference | Forgetting in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory. |
| Retrieval | The process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it. |
| Retrieval cue | A clue prompt or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long term memory. |
| Retrieval cue failure | The inability to recall long term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues. |
| Repression | The unconscious exclusion of anxiety-provoking thoughts feelings and memories from conscious awareness. |
| Recognition | A test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information out of several possible choices. |
| Recall | A test of long-term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid of retrieval cues. |
| Prospective memory | Remembering to do something in the future. |
| Proactive interference | Forgetting in which an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory. |
| Mood congruence | An encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood. |
| Richard F. Thompson (b. 1930) | A psychobiologic researcher on learning and memory. |
| George Sperling (b. 1934) | A cognitive psychologist who documented the existence of iconic memory. |
| Brenda Milner (b. 1918) | Researcher in the field of clinical neuropsychology. |
| Elizabeth F. Lotus (b. 1944) | A psychologist and expert with human memory. |
| Karl Lashley (1890-1958) | A psychologist and behaviorist well remembered for his influential contributions to the study of learning and memory. |
| Eric Kandel (b. 1929) | A Nobel Prize winner for his research in the area of physiological basis of memory storage in neurons. |
| Hermann Ebbinghaus (b. 1850-1909) | A psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory and is known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacing effect. |
| Suzanne Corkin (b. 1937) | A psychologist known for her studies on the link between the brain function and memory. |
