| A | B |
|---|
| Flexion: | Decreasing angle (bending elbow) |
| Exension: | Increasing |
| Hypextension: | Increasing angle beyond normal |
| Abductin: | Moving away from mid point |
| Adduction: | Moving toward mid point |
| Circumduction: | Moving in a circle |
| Lateral: | Away from midline |
| Pronation: | Rotating hand downward, radius rolls over |
| Supination: | Radius and ulna parallel |
| Plantar: | Toes are pointed |
| Dorsiflextion: | Toes are moved toward the shin |
| Inversion: | Rolling ankle inward |
| Eversion: | Rolling ankle outward |
| Profraction: | Moving jaw out |
| Retraction | Moving jaw in |
| Elevation: | Raising shoulders |
| Depression: | Lowering shoulders |
| First important role of skeltal muscle | Produces movement of bones |
| Second important role of skeltal muscle | Maintains posture |
| Third important role of skeltal muscle | Stabilizes joints |
| Fourth important role of skeltal muscle | Generates heat |
| First characteristic or smooth muscles | Spindle shaped, sheets/layers |
| Second characteristic of smooth muscles | Found in visceral organs |
| Third characteristic of smooth muscles | Moves food, empties bowels |
| Fourth characteristic of smooth muscles | No striations |
| Fifth characteristic of smooth muscles | Uninucleated |
| Sixth characteristic of smooth muscles | Involuntary |
| First characteristic of skeletal muscles | Cells are long, cigar shaped |
| Second characteristic of skeletal muscles | Attached to bone and skin |
| Third characteristic of skeletal muscles | Allows for movement |
| characteristic of skeletal muscles | Striations present |
| Fifth characteristic of skeletal muscles | Multinucelated |
| Sixth characteristic of skeletal muscles | Voluntary & reflexes |
| Sacromere | Tiny contractile unit which chain together to form myofibril |
| Endomysium | Covers each muscle fiber |
| Perimysium | covers many muscle fibers (fascicles) |
| Epimysium | Covers many fascicles |
| Myofilaments | Smaller structures inside myofibrils that appear banded |
| Myosin filament | Thick, protein myosin entire length of dark band (A) |
| Actin filament | Tin filament, protein actin light band (I) |
| Muscle motor unit | One neuron and all of the muscles it stimulates |
| First step at neuromuscular junction: | A neuronmuscular junction is formed between neuron and muscle cell |
| Second step at neuromuscular junction: | Axonal terminal releases neurotransmitter (Achacetylcholine) |
| Third step at neuromuscular junction: | Ach diffuses across snynptic cleft and attaches to receptors in sarcolemma |
| Fourth step at neuromuscular junction: | Na+ ions rush in |
| Fifth step at neuromuscular junction: | Action potential, conduction of electrical impulse across muscle cell |
| First golden rule of skeletal muscle activity: | All muscles cross at least one joint |
| Second golden rule of skeletal muscle activity: | Typically, the bulk of the muscle lies proximal to the joint crossed. |
| Third golden rule of skeletal muscle activity: | All muscles have at least two attachments origin and insertion |
| Fourth golden rule of skeletal muscle activity: | Muscles can only pull, never push |
| Fifth golden rule of skeletal muscle activity: | During contraction, the muscle insertion moves toward the origin. |
| Prime mover (agonist): | The major responsibility of movement. |
| Antagonists: | Opposite. |
| Synergists: | Helps the prime mover, reduces movement. |
| Fixators: | Type of synergist, holds the bone still. |
| Muscle origin: | Muscle attachment to immovable or less movable bone. |
| Muscle Insertion: | Muscle attachment to movable bone. |
