| A | B |
|---|
| What does the plasma membrane provide? | A barreir between the inside of the cell (the cytoplasm) and the external environment |
| What is the plasma membrane? | It is selectively permeable |
| How does the plasma membrane regulate the entry and exit of the following substances(Water, sodium ions) | allows them in certain conditions |
| How does the plasma membrane regulate the entry and exit of the following substances (nutrients) | Allows a steady supply |
| How does the plasma membrane regulate the entry and exit of the following substances (harmful ions) | keeps them out |
| How does the plasma membrane regulate the entry and exit of the following substances (excess nutrients) | Removes them in the cell if levels get too high |
| How does the plasma membrane regulate the entry and exit of the following substances (waste products) | Gets waste products out of the cell |
| What is the process of maintaining a balanced cellular environment called? | Equilimbrium |
| Lipids in the plasma membrane: | Insulate against temperature damage; protect against shock damage; are FLEXIBLE against direct damage; (hydrophobic and hydrophilic) |
| Phospholipid | Hydrophilic: hydrophilic phosphate group head; hydrophobic lipid tails |
| Plasma membrane= | a fluid mosaic Model |
| Plasma membrane is fluid because... | The membrane is flexible like currents on a lake |
| Plasma membrane is a mosaic because: | the membrane is embedded and dotted on the surface with different proteins (peiced together with different things) |
| How does cholesterol stabilizes the membrane? | By keeping fatty acids from sticking together |
| Transport proteins and the plasma membrane? | Regulate which larger molecules can enter the cell (nutrient) and which can leave (wastes) |
| Proteins embedded in the membrane move among the phospholipids like? | like boats with their "decks above water" and their "hulls below water" |
| Carbohydrates and the plasma membrane? | stabilizes the membrane by keeping out fatty acids from sticking together |
| Substances can enter the cell via? | passive or active transport |
| Diffusion | net movement of particles down a concentration gradient |
| How do molecules move in diffusion and osmosis? | Move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| What is diffusion caused by? | Random movement |
| Why is (simple) diffusion a relatively slow process? | Because it relies on the random molecular motion of atoms |
| How does concentration affect the rate of diffusion? | The most important factor; more concentraion the substances, faster the diffusion occurs |
| How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion? | Increased temperature can speed diffusion because of more rapid molecular movement |
| How does pressure affect the rate of diffusion? | Increases pressure will accelerate molecular movement and speed up diffusion |
| What is the result of diffusion? | Eventually the molecules will be distributed envenly, and the solutions will be in dynamic equilimbrium |
| What does dynamic mean? | Movement and change |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane (like the cell membrane) |
| What controls osmosis? | Water will flow down a concentration gradient to the side of the membrane where the water concentration is lower |
| Hypertonic solution | Concentration of dissolved substances in the extracellular solution is higher than the concentration of dissolved substances inside the cell (in the cytoplasm) |
| Hypotonic solution | Concentration of dissolved substances in the extracellular solution is lower than the concentration of dissolved substances inside the cell (in the cytoplasm) |
| Isotonic | Concentration of dissolved substances in the extracellular solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside the cell (in the cytoplasm) |
| Why are all cells subject to osmosis? | Because they are surrounded by water |
| Faciliated Diffusion | Fast and specific but DOES NOT USE ENERGY |
| What is faciliated diffusion driven by? | Driven by a cocnetration gradient |
| What does faciliated diffusion include? | Sugars and Amino Acids (molecules that need special escorts (transport proteins) to enter the cell |
| Why can molecules not pass through on their own in faciliated diffusion? | Because they are too big or because of their charge |
| Active Transport | movement of materials through a membrane (against) or (up) a concentration gradient |
| How do special transport proteins like calcium, potassium, and sodium pups allow ions through the plasma membrane? | The proteins change shape to allow ions through the plasma membrane (in or out of the cell) |
| Cytoplasm | The liquid gel inside all eukaryotic cells that acts like a cusion and protects the cell; it is in both plants and animals |
| Chloroplast | Trap light energy to be used by plant cells; act like solar panels; are green stacks; only found in plant cells |
| Ribosome | Help read DNA and make it into protein for the cell; act as workers for the cell; found in both plant and animal cells |
| Cytoskeleton | Help support the cell; act as scaffolding concrete blocks and structural supports; in both plant and animal cells |
| Plasma membrane | Says who goes in and who goes out; acts like a bouncer; in both plant and animal cellsq |
| Cell wall | Protects the cell; acts like a city wall around a city; only in plant cells |
| Mitochondria | Make energy for the cell; act like a power plant for a factory; found both plant and animal cells |
| Golgi Apparatus | Package proteins from ribosomes and send them out to the rest of the cell; act like a post office; are in both plant and animal cells |
| Vesicles | Transport method to move out processed proteins; letters from the post office; rarely in plant cells but they are always in animal cells |
| Lysosome | Filled with digestive enzymes; digests and eat old cell parts and microbes that enter the cell; acts like a garbage disposal; only in animal cells |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | Site of all chemical reactions; doesn't have ribosomes; acts like an assembly line for the cell; in both plant and animal cells |
| Smooth ER vs. rough ER | smooth ER does not contain ribosomes while rough ER does |
| Nuclear membrane | seperates the DNA from the rest of the cell so it doesn't get damaged; acts like a plastic holder around a cell phone; in both plant and animal cellss |
| nucleolus | makes ribosomes; boss of all of the ribosomes; in both plant and animal cells |
| Nuleus/DNA | directs cell activites/ genetic code that makes all organells and enzymes inside the cell; acts like the brain of the cell; in both plant and animal cells |
| Vacuole | Storage area of the cell for water or food items; acts like a giant storage unit; mostly in plant cells but it can be in animal cells |
| Centrioles | Help in cell division; act as fishing poles to seperate DNA; only in animal cells |
| Archae | old |
| Eu | true |
| pro | before |
| Karyon | nut or kernel |
| archaebacteria | old bacteria |
| eubacteria | true bacteria |
| prokryote | before (nucleus) |
| How many domains? | 3 |
| Classifications of life: | Bacteria, eubacteria; archaea, archaebacteria; eukarya, protista, plantae, fungi, and animalia |
| How many kingdoms | 6 (eubacteria, archaebacteria, protista, plantae, fungi, and animalia |
| What is a prokaryote? | Do not have membrane bound organells; most cell functions occur in the cytoplasm; has free DNA, no nucleus; has pili and flagella for cell movement (locomotion); has a plasma membrane and a cell wall |
| Archaebacteria vs. Eubacteria | nom |
| Heterotrophs | Take in organic molecules for energy and a supply of carbon |
| Autotrophs | create their own energy |
| Photoautotrophs | use light to access energy stored in carbon bonds (in CO2) |
| Chemoautotrophs | Access energy stored in chemical bonds in inorganic molecules (ammonia, nitrates, etc.); live in deep ocean |
| Binary fission | Chromosomes are replicated and moved to the poles of the cell |
| Binary fission 2 | The cell is pinched in the middle to create two seperate cells; genetically identical |
| How long does binary fission take? | it is very fast (20 minutes) |
| How do bacteria help the ecosystem? | Are producers that give off oxygen; decomposers that break down nutrients in dead matter and the atmosphere; nitrogen fixers help plants by turning Nitrogen gas into a usuable form |
| How do bacteria affect the industry (human use)? | Water treatment; food; beverages; mining; medicine; and renewable energy |
| How do bacteria affect human health? | Dairy products like yogurt; cholera outbreak in Haiti; Bacteria STI's (gonorrhea, syphillis, chlamydia) |
| Light microscope | Allows light to pass through a speciment and magnifies the image with lenses |
| Electron microscope | Uses beams of electrons to produce 3-D images |
| What did Anton can Leeuenhoek develp? | Developed the first microscope |
| Where did Leeuenhook observe microorganisms | Observed life in pond water (did a little of his own research) |
| Where did Hooke first see and identify cells? | First to see and identify cork cells |
| Why did Hooke decide to call the structures he saw "cells"? | Coined the term "cells" because they looked like the rooms, or cells, of a monastery |
| What did Schwann discover? | All animals are made up of cells |
| What did Schleiden discover? | All plants are made up of cells |
| What did Virchow discover about how cells are made? | All cells come from OTHER cells |
| Cell theory | 1. All living things are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic living units of all organisms. 3. New cells are produced frome existing cells |
| All cells... | Are surrounded by a barrier called a cell membrane; Have genetic information (DNA), and have cytoplasm |
| Scale of cells | atoms to molecules to organells to cells to tissues to organs to organ systems to organisms |
| Biogenisis | Life comes from other life (beginning of life) |
| When was earth formed? | approximately 4.6 Billion Years Ago |
| What was the atmosphere like on early earth? | contained little or no oxygen |
| What was the temperature like on early earth? | too hot for liquid water; once the surface cooled enough for rocks to form, the surface was covered with volcanic activity |
| How long ago did water form on Earth? | About 3.8 billion years ago the Earth cooled enough for liquid water to remain thrunderstorm drenched the planet and oceans covered the surface |
| What elements were present on early Earth? | Carbon, Hydrogent, Nitrogen, and oxygen have existed on Earth since its formation |
| Miller and Urey's Experiment | conducted 1953 experiment where created the basic building blocks of life under conditions like that of early Earth |
| Evolutoin of cells | single cells came 3.5 billion years ago when oxygen in atmosphere increased ex: bacteria; multicelled came 600 million years ago, more cells better than 1 because more cells are more efficient and are faster, can work together, and could take on different purposes |
| Sidney Fox's Experiment | Produced protocells or coacervates by heating solutions of amino acids; coacervates are small organic droplet formed by different types of organic molecules and grow and take up substances from surroundings |
| Are coacervates alive? | THEY ARE NOT ALIVE; have no heredity, instead of reproduction, form spontaniously undre proper conditions |
| Homeostasis | organisms regulate concentration of water and substances in their bodies to maintain a concentration for life |
| What are the 6 characteristics of life? | Are made up of cells, evolve, respond to stimuli(surroundings), grow and develop, reproduce with a genetic code, and maintain homestasis |
| How come we still have single celled organisms like fish frogs and reptiles? | Do not live in same place and condition |
| Ecological niche | "role" of a certain organism in the ecosystem; how an organism makes its living environment can support a certain population in that niche. |
| What do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common? | They can be both single celled, has DNA, has organelles, have cell walls and a plasma membrane, both have ribosomes, filled with cytoplasm |
