| A | B |
|---|
| Biosphere | The thin layer of air, land, and water that is home to all living things on Earth |
| Organisms | All living things |
| Spontaneous generation | The process by which life begins when ethers enter nonliving things |
| Biogenesis | The principle that life comes only from life |
| Cell | The fundamental units of life that exhibit all characteristics of living things |
| Tissues | Groups of cells working together to perform a specific function |
| Organs | groups of tissues that function together for a specific purpose |
| Predator | An organism that kills and eats another organism |
| Prey | The organism that is eaten by the predator |
| Scientific Method | Involves making predictions, designing an experiment (or series of observations) to test those predictions, making careful observations, and interpreting the observations |
| Hypothesis | A possible explanation for an event or set of observations |
| Variable | A factor that can change in an experiment |
| Control Setup | All factors remain the same during the experiment, except fro the change in the experimental variable |
| Theory | A hypothesis that is supported by many experiments done over a period of time |
| Carbohydrates | A group of chemicals that include sugars, starches, and cellulose; store energy and provide shape to organisms |
| Lipids | Group of chemicals that include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids |
| Proteins | Large, complex molecules composed of many smaller molecules called amino acids |
| Nucleic Acids | Large, complex molecules that contain hereditary or genetic information |
| Element | A substance that cannot be broken down by chemical processes into simpler substances |
| Compound | A substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in definite proportions |
| Organic Compounds | All compounds that contain carbon |
| Ions | Atoms that have gained or lost electrons |
| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons |
| Chemical Bonds | The attractions that hold two or more atoms together to form a compound |
| Ionic Bonds | The chemical bonds formed from the attractive force between ions with opposite charges |
| Chemical Reactions | One or more substances is changed into a new substance by the breaking or forming of chemical bonds |
| Enzyme | A protein catalyst that speeds up the chemical reactions within an organism |
| Metabolism | The combination of all the chemical changes that take place in an organism |
| Homeostasis | The tendency of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions |
| Solution | A uniform mixture of two or more substances |
| Acid | A compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in water |
| Base | A compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water |
| pH Scale | The standard measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions present in a solution; ranges from 0 to 14 |
| Cell Theory | Cells are the basic units of all life, all organisms are made of one or more celss, and all cells arise from existing cells |
| Cell Membrane | A thin layer of lipid and protein that separates the cell's contents from its environment |
| Phospholipid | A type of lipid made from glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group |
| Cilia | Short hairlike projections that usually occur in large numbers on the surface of certain cells |
| Flagella | Long, tail-like projections that have one flagellum |
| Semipermeable | Membrane lets certain molecules pass through and prevents others from crossing |
| Passive Transport | Movement of a substance across a cell membrane without using energy |
| Active Transport | Uses cellular energy to move substances across a cell membrane |
| Diffusion | Random movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane |
| Exocytosis | Wastes and cell products are packaged by the GOlgi apparatus in sace called Golgi vesicles which fuse with the cell membrane and secrete the materials out of the cell |
| Endocytosis | A portion of the cell membrane surrounds desirable macromolecules and brings them into the cell |
| ATP | The chief energy-storing molecule used by organisms |
| Autotrophs | Organisms that can make food from carbon dioxide and an energy source such as sunlight |
| Heterotrophs | Organisms that cannot make their own food |
| Photosynthesis | The process by which autotrophs convert sunlight to a usable form of energy |
| Pigment | A molecule that absorbs certain wavelengths of light and reflects others |
| Chlorophyll | The most common photosynthetic pigment that absorbs violet, blue, and red but reflects green |
| Calvin Cycle | The process of constructing carbohydrates from carbon dioxide |
| Glycolysis | The process by which glucose is converted to pyruvate and energy is released |
| Krebs Cycle | The set of reactions that breaks down acetyl-CoA to form CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2 |
| Electron Transport | The process by which energy is transferred from NADH and FADH2 to ATP |
| Fermentation | The extraction of energy from pyruvate in the absence of oxygen |
| Calorie | The amount of heat energy needed to rais the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius |
