| A | B |
|---|
| sexual reproduction | requires two cells from two individuals unite |
| asexual reproduction | single organism reproduces by itself |
| aging | organism becomes less efficient at life processes |
| anabolism | involves putting together or synthesizing complex substances from simpler substances |
| catabolism | final breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones |
| metabolism | total sum of all chemical reactions in the body |
| stimulus | thing that causes reaction |
| irritability | ability to react to stimuli |
| homeostasis | response that allows to keep conditions in their body for life |
| compound light microscope | uses two sets of lenses |
| electron microscopes | uses electrons instead of light to form images |
| TEM | stream of electrons passes through specimen |
| SEM | enables biologists to see 3D images |
| carbon | primary component of carbos, fats, NA, proteins |
| carbohydrates | 1:2:1 CHO ratio |
| polysaccharides | complex carbohydrates made by linking sugars together into long chains |
| starch | plants store energy this way |
| glycogen | animal store energy this way |
| fats | solid at room temperature |
| oils | liquid at room temperature |
| steroids | sex hormones |
| waxes | bees and ears |
| organic compound | contain carbon |
| inorganic | does not contain carbon |
| carbos | body's main source of energy |
| monosaccharides | simple carbos or simple sugars |
| dehydration synthesis | reaction that joins molecules by removing water |
| disaccharides | double sugar formed when 2 simple sugars combine |
| hydrolysis | catabolic reaction used water to split molecules |
| cholesterol | compound found in animals, meat, dairy that builds cells |
| proteins | composed of amino acids; builds and repairs cells |
| amino acids | amino group and carboxyl group |
| peptide bond | covalent bond joining 2 amino acids |
| catalyst | speeds up chemical reaction rate without changing |
| enzyme | special protein catalysts in living organisms |
| nucleic acid | organic molecule that stores and sends genetic info |
| nucleotide | 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogen base |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | NA that acts as a messenger from DNA |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | NA stores genetic info for the next generation |
| cell | basic unit structure of living things |
| cell theory | all living things are made of cells that come from living things |
| cell membrane | regulates passages of material in a cell (gatekeeper) |
| cell wall | surrounds cell membrane in plants |
| eukaryote | organisms whose cells have membrane bound organelles |
| prokaryote | single celled organism w/o membrane bound organelles |
| nuclear envelope | membrane that surrounds nucleus |
| nucleolus | contains RNA and proteins |
| chromosomes | contains genetic information - thread like |
| cytoplasm | between nucleus and cell membrane |
| organelles | performs specialized function in cell |
| mitochondrion | organelle that changes food into ATP (energy)(AEP) |
| chloroplast | converts sunlight into chemical energy in plants |
| ribosome | organelle that makes proteins |
| endoplasmic reticulum | transports materials throughout the cell ( highway) |
| golgi apparatus | organelle that packages and ships material (shipping and receiving) |
| lysosome | digests materials in the cell (garbage disposal) |
| vacuole | stores water and other substances (bubble wrap) |
| plastid | in plants; stores food and pigments |
| cytoskeleton | cell framework used for structure and movement |
| Van Leewenhock | the first microscope |
| Robert Hooke | coined the term "cell" by observing cork |
| Robert Brown | 1st to observe nucleus |
| Henry Dutrochet | "All living things are made of cells" |
| Schleiden | "All plants are made of cells" |
| Schwann | "All animals are made of cells" |
| Virchow | "All cells come from pre-existing cells" |
| nucleus | control center of the cell (brain) |
| diffusion | move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration |
| selectively permeable | allows some substances to pass through and not others |
| osmosis | diffusion of water molecules through selectively permeable membrane from high to low conc. |
| facilitated diffusion | diffusion assisted by carrier molecules (waiter) |
| active transport | materials move across membrane against a concentrated difference (from low to high) |
| cell specialization | cells perform particular function in an organism |
| tissue | group of similar cells that perform a particular function |
| organs | group of tissues that perform a specific function |
| organ system | a group of organs that performa specific function |
| phagocytosis | large molecules taken into cell |
| pinocytosis | liquids taken into the cell |
| exocytosis | materials are removed from the cell |
| endocytosis | materials taken into the cell |
| photosynthesis | autotrophs produce food using light, CO2 and H2O |
| glucose | C6H1206;sugar w/ formula;product of phtosyntensis |
| autotroph | organism can make own food from inorganic material |
| heterotroph | 2 different alleles for same trait and hybrid for that trait |
| pigment | colored substance which absorbs light |
| chlorophyll | principal pigment in autotrophs that capture light energy |
| ATP | compound that stores energy in cells |
| light reactions | reactions from photo. that needs light |
| dark reactions | it does not require light and uses energy stored produced from light to make glucose |
| photosynthetic membrane | chlorophyll contains chloroplasts that serves as the light |
| photosystem | a bunch of pigment moleculesin a photosynthetic membrane |
| electron transport | high-energy electrons are transferred in a electron-carrier molecule |
| Calvin Cycle | another name for dark reactions |
| calorie | amt. of heat energy to raise 1 gram of water in 1 degree celsuis |
| glycolysis | produces ATP by glucose to pyruvic acid |
| respiration | oxygen and breaks down food molecules for energy |
| aerobic | process that requires oxygen |
| Krebs Cycle | series of reactions in cellular respiration and makes CD,NADPH & FADH2 |
| fermentation | enables cells to carry-out energy in the absence of oxygen |
| anaerobic | process that does not require oxygen |
| lactic acid | anaerobic process of glucose that breaks down lactic acid |
| alcoholic fermentation | fermentation that makes alcohol |
| Helmout | increase plants mass by using water |
| Priestly | plants release oxygen |
| Ingenhousz | sunlight is needed for plants to give off O2. green parts are only to carry out photosynthesis |
| stroma | fkuid surrounding the grana;contains enzymes for carbohydrate synthesis |
| grana | stack of thylakoids |
| genetic code | manner which the cells pass on to the next generation |
| transformation | genetic material absorbed from the envioroment and added or replaced part of a bacterium's DNA |
| adenine | belonging to purine; base pairs w/ thymine or uracil |
| guanine | belonging to purine; base pairs w/ cytosine |
| cytosine | belonging to purine; base pairs w/ guanine |
| thymine | found in DNA; base pairs w/ adenine |
| base pairing | bwtn. nitrogenous bases that makes a force to hold the DNA double helix together |
| replication | DNA is duplicated before cell divides |
| uracil | nitrogenous base only found in RNA; base pairs w/ adenine |
| transcription | a molecule of DNA is copied into a strand of RNA |
| mRNA | type if RNA that carries genetic info. from DNA into nucleus out the ribosomes |
| codon | 3 nucleotide sequence on mRNA which codes for an amino acid |
| translation | a message is carried by mRNA and decoded into a polypeptide chain |
| transfer RNA | type of RNA which carries amino acids join to form a polypeptide |
| ribosomal RNA | type of RNA that makes up the major parts of the ribosome |
| anticodon | 3 nucleotide sequence in transfer RNA and base pairs w/ a complementary sequence in mRNA during protien synthesis |
| protein | has nitrogen |
| lipids | formed by having 3 fatty acids to glycerol |
