| A | B |
|---|
| biotic factors | all living organisms inhabiting Earth |
| Abiotic factors | nonliving part of evnvironment |
| Organism | any uni/multicellular forom that has the characteristics of life |
| Population | interbreeding individuals of one species that compete for survival |
| Communities | several interacting populations that depend on each other |
| Ecosystems | populations in a community and abiotic factors |
| Biosphere | life-supporting portion of Earth |
| Heterotrophs | organisms unable to make own food |
| Autotrophs | can make own food |
| Symbolasis | close association of organisms |
| Commensalism | one benefits, other unharmed |
| Mutualism | both benefit |
| Parasitism | one benifits at other's expense |
| Limiting factor | any factor that put limits survival |
| succession | natural process in communities characterized by population growth and reduction |
| primary | development of communities from bare rock |
| secondary | was land, but damaged, came back |
| climax community | stable mature environment that allows little to no change |
| expontentail growth | a rapid growth where the # of reproducers is increasing |
| carrying capacity | maximum popultation environment can support |
| properties of water | cappilary action, polar, surface tension, expands when frozen, resists temp. change, high heat vaporization, ice less dence |
| acid pH | 1-7 |
| base pH | 7-14 |
| carbohydrate | organic compound used by cells to store & release energy |
| monosacchraride | simple sugar/ glucose (starch/glycogen) or fructose |
| disaccharide | 2 sugar carb. / sucrose |
| polysaccharide | largest carb/ cellulose, glycogen |
| lipid | fats and oils insolubale in H2O, major componant of membrane |
| protein | large complex polymer essentail to all life, composed of amino acids (muscle contraction/ transports O/ provides immunity/ functions as enymes |
| cell | building block of all life |
| prokaryote | cell lacking a membrane or organelle |
| eukaryote | cell containing a membrane and organelle |
| nucleus | contains DNA of cell and carries out cell function |
| golgi body | recieves, modifies, and repackages protien info to be sent out again |
| lysosome | digests food particles, waste, and dead cell parts |
| vacuole | stores food, enzymes, and waste |
| mitocondria | breaks down food to produce ATP/ produces energy |
| chloroplasts | light energy is converted into chemical energy, stored as food |
| cilia | propels unicelluar organisms and moves fluid over cell surface |
| flagella | propells cells and organisms in a whip like manner |
| plasma membrane structure | allows items in and out/ serves as boundary for call and external environment |
| phospholipid | membrane section having organic section attached to a phostphate group, form a bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins |
| diffusion/ energy used | net, random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration/ none |
| concentration gradiant | high and low concentration areas |
| osmosis | diffusion of water molicules through a selectivly permeable membrane depending on concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane |
| hypotonic | water goes into cell, firm |
| hypertonic | water leaves cells, wimpy |
| isotomic | stays the same |
| active transport | process requiring energy by which cells move materials against a concentration gradient |
| passive transport | in cells, movement of particles across a cell membrane, requires no energy |
| ATP/ uses | adenosine triphosphate, energy storing molicule that serves as cell's "energy currency" stored energy is used to make ADP |
| starting product of photosynthesis | sunlight, oxygen, chlorophyll |
| final prducts of photosynthesis | simple sugars and oxygen |
| cell cycle | interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| mitosis | process that assures genetic continuity, results inproduction of 2 new cells with identical chromosomes |
| genetics | branch of biology that studies heredity |
| traits | inherreited characteristic |
| dominant trait | visible trait that masks a recessive trait, written with cap. |
| recessive trait | hidden trait masked by dominant, written with lower case |
| phenotype | outward appearance of organism |
| genotype | organism's gene combination |
| homozygos | having identical alleles for a particular trait |
| heterozygos | having different alleles for a particular trait |
| phases of meiosis | IPMATPMAT |
| diploid | cell with 2 copies of each type of chromosome (2n) |
| haploid | cell with only a single copy of a chromosome (n) |
| shape of DNA | double helix, twisted ladder |
| replication | process by which 2 stands of a double helix seperate and bases pair with free neocleotides to form 2 molicules of DNA, each identical to original |
| translation | process in which the order of the bases make mRNA codes for the order of amino acids in a protein |
| transcription | process by which enzymes make RNA copy of DNA strand, similar to replication but single stand of RNA is produced |
| incomplete dominance | inheritance pattern in which phenotype of the heterozygote isermediate between those of the 2 homozygotes, neither allele of the pair is completely dominate but they combine to give a new trait (pink) |
| codominance | = expression of both alleles cuz the phenotypes of both homozygote parent organisms to be produced in the heterozygote form (black and white mixed) |
| sex-linked traits | inherited trait such as colorblindness, controlled by genes located on the sex chromosomes |
| autosomal traits | in humans, 22 pairs of matching homologous chromosomes |
| blood A and B result | IA IB |
| blood B | IB IB or IB i |
| blood A | IA IA or i |
| blood O | ii |
