| A | B |
|---|
| Quintus Fabius Maximus | Roman politician elected consul three years in a row during second Punic War. |
| Scipio Africanus | consul or proconsul for 10 successive years |
| cursus honorum | ladder of political offices: quaestor, praetor, consul |
| equites | wealthy middle class who made their money from business rather than land owning |
| ager publicus | land belonging to the public, rented out to be farmed. |
| celibacy | an unmarried state in which old veterans found themselves after the war -- choosing to remain unmarried |
| divorce | the result of war separation, couples grew apart and dissolved marriages |
| male line | wiped out in some families because of war leaving women in charge of finances |
| changes for women | allowed to inherit land and money, appeared in public more often, educated like sonss |
| latifundia | large country estates where slaves did most of the work |
| domestic slaves | counted as members of the family, came under the pater familias |
| field hands | slaves kept in chains, starved, whipped |
| paterfamilias | head of the Roman household with rights of life and death over all members |
| peculium | slave's wage which could be invested until enought was earned to buy freedom |
| liberti | freedmen who did not become Roman citizens, but their children did |
| Horace | Roman poet whose ancestors were slaves |
| Greek political philosophy | Every citizen possesses individual freedoms including the right to debate or question the status quo |
| Alexander the Great's vision | infinite variety within a unity built upon a common set of values |
| ius civile | law pertaining to a citizen |
| ius gentium | law pertaining to humanity as a whole |
| parcere subjectis debellare superbos | to be merciful to the downtrodden to crush the arrogant |
| Scipionic Circle | energetic group of Roman nobles who embraced Greek culture and literature |
| ludi | schools for the children of the rich |
| Plautus and Terence | wrote plays in Latin based on "New Comedy" of Menander |
| Lucretius | De Rerum Natura, a poem based on a mechanical universe made of atoms |
| Epicurus | Greek philosopher who believed that the universe was made of atoms |
| Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus | tribune of plebs 133 BC, took his reform bill directly to the people, enraged senators, he was killed with his supporters |
| Cornelia | mother of the Gracchi brothers, daughter of Scipio Africanus |
| Octavius | tribune persuaded by senate to block T. Gracchus' legislation |
| Gaius Gracchus | tribune 123 BC, great speaker, gave political power to equites, discredited while establishing new colony in Africa, committed suicide |
| equites' power | control of jury courts, collect taxes in provinces |
| Opimius | consul who arrested and executed 3,000 followers of Gaius Gracchus |
| impeachment of Opimius | for executing Roman citizens without a trial, although acquitted by senate |
| senatus consultum ultimum | final decree of the senate to see to it no harm comes to the state |
