| A | B |
|---|
| emergent properties | Biological organization is based on a hierarchy of structural levels, each building on the levels below. |
| hierarchy of life | atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere |
| cell theory | The cell theory postulates that all living things consist of cells |
| prokaryotes | organisms without nuclear membranes, ex bacteria and archaea |
| eukaryotes | organisms with nuclear membranes |
| dna | genetic material passed from generation to generation |
| genome | the total genetic makeup of an organism |
| three domains | bacteria, archaea, eukarya |
| classification system | k,p,c,o,f,g,s |
| autotrophic | organisms that make their own food through synthesis |
| heterotrophic | organisms that obtain their energy from other ones |
| Charles Darwin | Said that individuals with traits best suited to the local environment will generally leave more surviving, fertile offspring |
| unity and diversity of life | Features shared by two species are due to common ancestor and modifications by natural selection |
| element | a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions |
| compound | a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio |
| make up 96% of living matter | Four elements - carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N) |
| atom | the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element |
| neutrons and protons | are packed together to form a dense core, the atomic nucleus, at the center of an atom |
| Electrons | form a cloud around the nucleus |
| isotopes | Two atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons are called |
| potential energy | stored energy |
| valence | the outermost shell of an atom |
| covalent bond | bond where electrons are shared |
| water | ex of a polar covalent bond |
| nonpolar covalent bond | If electrons in a covalent bond are shared equally, then this is a |
| polar covalent bond | electrons in a covalent bond are not shared equally by the two atoms |
| ionic bond | bonds in which electrons are transferred |
| van der Waals interactions | Molecules or atoms in close proximity can be attracted by these fleeting charge differences, creating |
| cohesion | when a substance (water) is held together by hydrogen bonds |
| adhesion | the clinging of one substance to another |
| surface tension | measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |
| specific heat | amt. of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of a substance to change its temp. by 1oC |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion. Atoms have kinetic energy because they are always moving |
| heat | measure of the total quantity if kinetic energy due to molecular motion |
| temperature | intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of the molecules |
| heat of vaporization | quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted to gas |
| hydrophilic | any substance that has an affinity to water. ionic or polar molecules |
| hydrophobic | any substance that repels water. Nonpolar or non-ionic |
| molarity | number of moles of solute per liter of solution |
| acid | substance that increases the [H+] of a sln |
| base | substance that reduces the [H+] of a sln |
| buffers | substances that minimize changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a sln |
| organic compounds | Compounds containing carbon are said to be |
| carbon | have 4 valence electrons |
| isomers | compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different structures |
| structural | differ in the covalent arrangements of atoms |
| geometric | same covalent properties, but differ in spatial arrangements |
| enantiomers | mirror images |
| functional groups | components of molecules that are often involved in chemical reactions |
| 6 functional groups | hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, and phosphate |
| hydroxyl group | (-OH) |
| carbonyl group | (-C=O) |
| carboxyl group | (-COOH) |
| amino group | (-NH2) |
| sulfhydryl group | (-SH) |
| phosphate group | (-OPO32-) |
| polymer | a long molecule consisting of similar or identical building blocks |
| monomers | repeating units that are the building blocks |
| dehydration synthesis | Monomers are connected together by this process with the loss of water |
| hydrolysis | monomers are broken apart by this process |
| macromolecules | large molecules |
| carbohydrates | macromolecules with a 1:2:1 ratio of C to H |
| sugar | contains "-ose" |
| monosaccharides | one sugar |
| disaccharides | two sugars |
| polysaccharides | many sugars |
| lipids | monomers of glycerol and fatty acids |
| saturated fats | has only single bonded carbons |
| unsaturated fats | has double bonded carbons |
| phospholipids | have both hydrophillic and phobic parts |
| cholesterol | fats found in cell membrane for pliability |
| proteins | macromolecules with monomers of amino acids |
| amino acids | monomers of proteins with amine group (nitrogen) |
| polypepetide chains | protein polymer |
| primary structure | chain of amino acids |
| secondary structure | folded chains of amino acids |
| tertiary structure | shaped chain of amino acids |
| quaternary structure | more then one chain of amino acids joined together |
| chaperonin proteins | guide proetin folding |
| denaturing | shape of protein changes |
| Nucleotides | Monomers contain nitrogenous bases, sugar, phosphate |
| purine | adenine and guanine |
| pyrimidines | thymine and cytosine |
| H-bond | holds strands of DNA together |
| replication | duplicating strands of DNA |
| enzymes | proteins that catalyze reactions |
