| A | B |
|---|
| Industrial Revolution | Process/period when production shifted from hand tools to machines |
| Anesthetic | drug that prevents pain during surgery. First used in the early 1800's |
| Townshend | developed a new type of crop rotation that increased output |
| 2nd Agricultural Revolution | About 300 years ago when new methods of farming increased quality and quantity of farm products |
| Jethro Tull | Developed the seed drill for more uniform planting |
| Enclosure | Process of taking over and fencing off land formerly used by peasants |
| Population explosions | result of 2nd agriculturlal revolution on people |
| New technology | New inventions that enabled men to use different enegeries and equipment to produce things faster |
| Steam Engine | New invention using pressurized boiling water to produce energy |
| Newcomen | Inventor of early version of a steam engine which was not very efficient |
| Watt | Inventor of a very efficient steam engine used in the industrial revolution |
| Coal and Iron | A new type of fuel and building material for the early industrial revolution |
| Natural Resources | Wood, minerals, water - things from the earth that were used in the industrial revolution |
| Labor Supply | Large numbers of workers not needed in farming |
| Capital | Extra money or wealth used for investments |
| Entrepeneurs | Risk takers who work hard with a new idea to build a business |
| Stable Government | Key factor for industrialization that allows growth without loss from wars and revolutions |
| Empire for markets | Many possible colonies in which to trade |
| Putting out system | Sending materials home with farm families to be turned into finished goods over the winter (very efficient) |
| Kay and the flying shuttle | Inventor and invention that allowed weavers to out pace spinners |
| Hargreaves and the spinning jenny | Inventor and invention that increased spinning by putting a number of spinning wheels together |
| Arkwright and water frame | Inventor and invention that used water power to increase spinning |
| Factories | Large buildings that housed the new machines that required workers to leave their homes and come to a central location |
| Turnpikes | Privately built roads that charged a fare for travellers |
| Canals | Man made water routes that allowed heavy materials to be moved easily and cheaply |
| Stephenson and Railroads | Inventor of the first practical steam locomotive and the new type of transportation it caused |
| Fulton and Steamboats | Inventor and invention that allowed ships to move upriver against the current |
| Advantages to the consumer | Impact of industrial revolution where more goods could be afforded and standard of living increased |
| Rapid urbanization | The quick movement of people from farms to cities |
| Tenements | Multistory building divided into crowded apartments for the new city workers |
| Poor Living Conditions | Overcrowding; air and water pollution; little city services; disease; crime; fire |
| Factory System | New way of working that required rigid discipline, schedule and boring/tedious work |
| Poor working conditions | Many hours; low pay; dangerous; overcrowding; no insurance |
| 3 Reasons for Women workers | Adapt to machines; easier to manage & could be paid less |
| Child Labor | Young boys and girls hired at cheap rates to work in narrow areas |
| Luddites | British protestor who smashed machines in protest for better conditions |
| New Middle Class | Merchants, craftsmen, inventors and artisans who moved out of the low class |
| Middle class ladies | Women who could afford to stay at home and direct the house and take up lady-like activities |
| Labor unions | Worker organizations outlawed at first that tried to bargain for better working conditions and wages |
| Pattern of industrialization | Begins with great suffering but ends with more material benefits for more people |
| Malthus | Industrial economist who believed that population would outpace food supply |
| Capitalism | Belief of Smith that government should not interfere with the economy |
| Ricardo | Industrial economist who believed that if wages increased, people would have more children and poverty would increase |
| Bentham and Utilitarianism | Social scientist and his philosophy that governments should make laws that provide the greatest good for the greatest number |
| John Stuart Mill | Bentham's main follower who believed that actions are correct if they promote happiness and wrong if they cause pain |
| Socialism | A new economic belief that people as a whole should own and operate main industries for the good of society because industrial capitalism led to many abuses |
| Means of production | Farms, factories, railways and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods |
| Robert Owen | A utopian socialist who began reform in his own factory to prove that reforms and profit could work |
| Marx | A scientific socialist who founded Communism based on the history of class struggle |
| Engles | Marx's partner in developing Communism |
| Communist Manifesto | Marx and Engels pamphlet explaining class struggle and a new radical tyoe of Socialism |
| Proletariat | Marx's name for the working class |
| Steel | New building material of the later industrial revolution |
| Industrialization and Social Changes | Results of the industrial revolution such as rising standard of living among workers; increased demand for jobs; large quantities of cheap goods; urbanization |
| Class Struggle | The age old conflict between the haves and the have nots over controlling the means of production and society's wealth |
| Bessemer | Inventor who developed a cheap process for purifying iron to make steel |
| Nobel | Swedish chemist who invented dynomite |
| Volto | Italian scientist who invented the first battery |
| Faraday | English scientist who developed the first electric motor and dynamo |
| Dynamo | A machine that generates electricity |
| Edison | American inventor who invented the light bulb and many other things |
| Interchangable parts | Identical components that could be used in place of one another that simplified assembly and repair |
| Assembly line | Workers added parts to a product that moves along a belt from one station to another increasing production and lowering price |
| Steamships | Boats that used mechanical power rather than sails to corss the oceans |
| Otto and Daimler | Invented the gasoline fueled combustion engine and the first automobile |
| Ford | Made America the leader in the car industry with his assembly line |
| Wright Brothers | American inventors of the airplane |
| Morse | American who invented the telegraph |
| Bell | Scottish born American inventor of the telephone |
| Marconi | Italian inventor of wireless communication - radio |
| Stock | A share of ownership in a large corporation that allows the investor to risk only the amount of the investment and companies to amass large amounts of capital |
| Krupp | German industrialist who monopolized the steel industry and tehn moved into many industries |
| Pasteur | French chemist who proved the link between microbes and disease and developed a proces that made milk safe to drink (pasteurization) |
| Germ theory | A belief that microbes cause disease |
| Koch | A German chemist who discovered the germs that caused tuberulosis and went on to discover many other germs that caused diseases |
| Nightingale | British nurse who cleaned up hospitals, instuments, bandages, etc. She saved many lives through cleaning and sterilization |
| Lister | Invented an antiseptic that kills germs |
| Urban renewal | Rebuilding of the poor areas of the city |
| Police force and city services | Improvement such as protection against crime, garbage removal, utilities, fire department, parks, etc. that improved the quality of city life |
| Mutual aid societies | Self help groups to aid the sick and injured workers |
| Legalization of labor unions | The legal right to organize and bargain for wages and benefits |
| Work reforms | Regulations passed to improve working conditions such as minimum wage, pensions and limits on hours and child labor |
| Pensions | Retirement insurance |
| Disability insurance | Money set aside and paid by employers for workers who are injured or sick |
| Standard of living | Measure of the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society |
| Cullt of domesticity | Idealization of women in the home - cooking; cleaning and comforting the family |
| Temperance movement | Campaign to limit or ban the use of alcohol |
| Women's suffrage | Belief in the woman's right to vote - worked for in the 19th century |
| Public Schools | By the end of the 1800's basic education was provided to everyone to create a literate work force and teach basic values like discipline, respect, puncuality and patriotism |
| Dalton | Englishman who developed modern atomic theory in the early 1800's |
| Mendeleyev | Russian chemist who developed the periodic table |
| Darwin | English naturalist who developed the theories of Natural Selection and Evolution |
| Origin of the Species | Darwin's book explaining evolution |
| Natural Selection | Survivial of the fittest. The animals with the best genes - best adaptive to their environment would pass on |
| Social Darwinism and Racism | Perversion of Darwin's theories by applying them within the human race to justify racism (white europeans are better than other humans) |
