| A | B |
|---|
| alveol/o | alveolus (air sac) |
| bronch/o, bronchi/o | bronchus (airway) |
| bronchiol/o | bronchiole (little airway) |
| capn/o, carb/o | carbon dioxide |
| laryng/o | larynx (voice box) |
| lob/o | lobe (a portion) |
| nas/o, rhin/o | nose |
| or/o | mouth |
| ox/o | oxygen |
| palat/o | palate |
| pharyng/o | pharynx (throat) |
| phren/o | diaphragm |
| pleur/o | pleura (lining of the lungs) |
| pneum/o, pneumon/o | air or lung |
| pulmon/o | lung |
| sinus/o | sinus (cavity) |
| spir/o, ~pnea (suffix) | breathing |
| thorac/o, pector/o, steth/o | chest |
| tonsill/o | tonsil |
| trache/o | trachea (windpipe) |
| uvul/o | uvula |
| nose | structure that warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the repiratory tract |
| sinuses | air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity |
| palate | roof ot the mouth; partition between the oral and nasal cavaties |
| hard palate | bony anterior portion of the palate |
| soft palate | muscular posterior portion of the palate |
| pharynx | throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and for air to the larynx |
| nasopharynx | part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages |
| oropharynx | central portionof the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis |
| laryngopharynx | lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus |
| tonsils | oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion; also called palatine tonsils |
| adenoid | lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose; also called pharyngeal tonsil |
| uvula | small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate; named for its grape-like shape |
| larynx | voice box; passageway for air moving form the pharynx to the trachea;contains the vocal cords |
| glottis | opening between the vocal cords in the larynx |
| epiglottis | a lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway |
| trachea | windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina, where it splits into the right and left bronchi |
| bronchial tree | branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli |
| right and left bronchus | two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs |
| bronchioles | progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways |
| lungs | two spongy organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage; responsible for respiration |
| lobes | subdivisions of the lung, with two on the left and three on the right |
| pleura | membranes enclosing the lung and lining the thoracic cavity |
| pleural cavity | potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura |
| diaphragm | muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and that moves upward and downward to aid in respiration |
| mediastinum | partition that separates the thoracic into two compartments and that encloses the heart, eosphagus, trachea, and thymus gland |
| mucous membranes | thin sheets of tissue that line respriatory passages and secrete mucus, a viscid (sticky) fluid |
| cilia | hair-like processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, to move mucous cell secretions upward |
| parenchyma | functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs, that perform respiration |
| eupnea | normal breathing |
| bradypnea | slow breathing |
| tachypnea | fast breathing |
| hypopnea | shallow breathing |
| hyperpnea | deep breathing |
| dyspnea | difficulty breathing |
| apnea | inablilty to breathe |
| orthopnea | ability to breathe only in an upright position |
| Cheyne-Stokes respiration | pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and, sometimes, in rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea |
| crackles/rales | popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli; occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis |
| wheezes,rhonchi | high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrowed airway; occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema |
| stridor | high-pitched, crowing sound that occurs with an obstruction in the upper airway |
| caseous necrosis | degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance |
| cyanosis | bluish coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amount of oxygen in the blood |
| dysphonia | hoarseness |
| epistaxis | nosebleed |
| expectoration | coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs |
| sputum | material expelled form the lungs by coughing |
| hemoptysis | coughing up and spitting out blood that originates in the lungs |
