| A | B |
|---|
| Character | A heritable feature (such as a flower color) |
| Trait | A variant for a character (such as a white or purple flower color ) |
| True-breeding | When a plant self-pollinates and all of their offspring are of the same variety |
| Hybridization | The mating, or crossing, of two varieties |
| Monohybrid cross | A cross that tracks the inheritance of a single-character |
| P Generation | The true-breeding parents |
| F1 generation | The hybrid offspring of the true-breeding parents |
| F2 generation | Allowing the F1 hybrids to self-pollinate produces the F2 generation |
| Alleles | The alternate versions of a gene |
| Codominance | both alleles of a phenotype are present |
| Multiple Alleles | variations of a gene that has different properties. |
| pleiotropy | ability of a gene to affect and organism in multiple ways |
| epistasis | the altering of the phenotypic expression of one gene by the presence of another gene |
| polygenic inheritance | addition from having two genes for the same phenotypic character |
| norm of reaction | range of phenotypic possibilities for a single genotype, influenced by the environment. |
| multifactorial | many factors collectively influencing the phenotype |
| carriers | phenotypically normal heterozygotes that can transmit a disorder to their offspring on a recessive allele |
| cystic fibrosis | most common lethal genetic disease in the USA that mainly affects whites. |
| Tay-Sachs Disease | Lethal genetic disorder carried by a recessive allele and has a high rate in people of central european jewish descent |
| sickle-cel disease | Effecting the hemoglobin of cells, this genetic disease is the most common among blacks |
| Huntington's Disease | degenerative disease of the nervous system caused by a dominant allele. |
| dominant allele | in a heterozygote, the allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype |
| recessive allele | in a heterozygote, the allele that is completely masked in the phenotype |
| law of segregation | Mendel's first law, stating that allele pairs separate during gamete formation, and then randomly re-form pairs during the fusion of gametes at fertilization |
| homozygous | having 2 identical alleles for a given trait |
| heterozygous | having 2 different allele for a given genetic character |
| phenotype | physical and physiological traits of an organism |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism |
| testcross | breeding of an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring determines the unknown genotype |
| dihybrid cross | a breeding experiment in which parental varieties differing in 2 traits are mated |
| law of independent assortment | Mendel's second law, stating that each allele pair segregates independently during gamete formation; applies when gene for 2 traits are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes |
| incomplete dominance | a type of inheritance in which F1 hybrids have an appearance that is intermediate between the phenotypes of the parental varieties |
| complete dominance | the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable |
