| A | B |
|---|
| agricultural revolution | 13th century when iron tools, water and wind mills, and the 3 field system created an advance in agriculture |
| anabaptists | christians who emerged from the 16th century reformation. Believed in adult baptisms, which was considered heretical. |
| antiquity | an adjective to describe a really long time ago, specifically a time before the middle ages |
| nobility | the second highest members of the feudal system, who owned knights and pledged allegiance to the king. Most people can only become noble through heredity. |
| artisans | merchants who specialize in a certain job of producing goods |
| peace of augsburg | a treaty between King charles V and the Schmalkaldic League in september 1555 |
| augsburg confession | 28 articles presented by Lutheran princes and representatives of "free cities" at the Diet of Augsburg that set forward what the Lutherans believed, taught and confessed in positive (theses) and negative (antitheses) statements. |
| banking guild | an association of bankers during the renaissance. Had connections to the medici |
| Baroque Art | a style of art starting in the 16th century characterized by dynamic movement, more detail, and emotions |
| bill of exchange | employed in Renaissance florence, the bill of exchange allowed different currencies to be calculated for proper payment. |
| bishops | an ordained member of clergy who was entrusted with authority and oversight |
| Giovanni boccaccio | An author and poet from the 14th century, also was a humanist. |
| Anne Boleyn | second wife of Henry VIII. Was unable to have a baby boy, so Henry executed her. |
| Botticelli | italian painter. Birth of venus, became a follower of savonarola later and tried to burn his own paintings. |
| Brunelleschi | architect. Built the duomo, worked with donnatello |
| Bruni | italian humanist who became chancellor of Florence. wrote "the first modern history book" |
| Byzantine empire | part of the roman empire in part of the middle ages. One of the most economical, cultural, and military forces in Europe |
| John Calvin | Theologian who created Calvinism. Came up with predestination, only followed 2 sacriments |
| Catherine of Aragon | first wife of Henry VIII, was queen for a few months, gave birth to Mary I, queen of england |
| Christendom | can refer to the worldwide culture of christians, or to the countries in which christianity was the prevailing religion |
| Catholicism | a broad term for Catholic faith, including beliefs/theologies, it's doctrines, and it's ethical/spiritual behavior |
| Charles V | took the throne after his brother died, legalized lutheranism after the peace of augsburg |
| Church of England | birthplace of Anglicanism, a middle ground of sorts between Calvinism and christianity |
| council of trent | a council to discuss what is acceptable in religion, december 1545- 1563 |
| counter-reformation | a reformation by the catholic church, in which they created multiple orders and changes to gain back converts. Birth of the jesuits |
| Leonardo Da vinci | 1452-1519, italian artist/inventor. Mona lisa and last supper, worked for the Medici |
| Dark ages | a general period of time more commonly known as the middle ages, in between the fall of rome and the renaissance |
| Diet of Worms | a general assembly which addressed religious issues, more specifically Martin Luther and the protestant reformation |
| Duomo | the italian word for church, also a large cathedral designed by Brunelleschi |
| Erasmus | dutch renaissance humanist who was a catholic priest and theologian. lived 1466-1536. Believed in free will and reforming the church from within |
| Natural rights/laws | rights/laws that people believed are universal/automatic |
| alchemy | using magic in scientific theory, (lead into gold) and the beginning of the scientific revolution |
| empiricism | theory of knowledge that asserts that knowledge arises from evidence through the gathered through senses (sight, smell, etc) |
| epistemology | theory of knowledge: "what is knowledge? How is it acquired? How do we know what we know?" |
| De revolutionibus | "the revolutions of heavenly spheres", written by copernicus, on the orbits and paths of planets gained from observation |
| Heliocentric model | the astronomical model in which the earth and planets revolve around the sun, proposed by copernicus |
| geocentric model | a model in which everything revolves around the earth, and earth is the center of the universe |
| Johannes Kepler | german scientist (1571-1630) who emphasized the work of copernicus and layed the foundation for Newtons laws of physics |
| Benedictine Rule | a book of general rules of behavior written by St. Benedict, written as guidelines form monastic living |
| Leviathan | written by hobbes in 1651. it concerns legitimate government and society as a whole |
| albigensians | members of a heretical sect in south france during the 12th century |
| two treatises of Government | text by John Locke, which attacked patriarchalism |
| thomas crammer | (1489-1556) leader of the english reformation who helped build a case for Henri VII's divorce |
| Acts of Supremacy | an act put into place by King Henry VIII which declared that he was the supreme head of the church. |
| Famine | lack of food that leads to mass death. Millions of peasants died of this during the middle ages |
| Feudal system | a pyramid-like system of social order. peasants->knights->barons/nobles->crown/church->king |
| Florence | a city in italy which was the supposed birthplace of the renaissance. Contains the Duomo |
| Gold florins | physical currency used in florence. made of gold. |
| Giotto | (1266-1337) Florentine architect/painter. Considered the first in a great line of renaissance artists. painted "life of christ" |
| gothic art | a darker, less detailed style of art that existed before the renaissance. |
| Major guilds | cloth merchants, wool merchants, judges/lawyers, bankers, silk weavers, physicians, fur manufacture |
| minor guilds | wine merchants, innkeepers, millworkers, leather workers, armorers, wood, key makers, bakers |
| Guises | A catholic family and movement that wanted to end calvinism in france. The family played a role in the St. Bartholomew's day massacre |
| Bourbons | A branch of the french royal family, (henry IV etc) who ruled from 1549-1848 |
| Henry of Navarre | was a huguenot, escaped the massacre, and became henry IV. Ended the civil war in europe by granting religious liberties to the protestants |
| Catholic League | created by Henry of Guise in 1576 to eradicate all protestants in catholic france |
| heavy plow | an agricultural tool which contributed to the agricultural revolution by having it able to sustain more weight |
| Henry VIII | (1491-1547) ruled until his death. Was at one point the ruler of ireland. Played a role in the separation between the church of england and the roman catholic church. Led the english reformation and ruled with supreme power |
| Holding company | a system in florence in which multiple branches of a company were more independently ruled, so the company would not collapse if one branch went out of business. |
| Homage | a declaration in which a lord pledges loyalty/oath to the king |
| humanism | an approach in study, philosophy, or practice that focuses on human values, which helped start the renaissance. Petrarch was believed to have started it. "ad fontes" |
| christian humanism | the belief that individualism and human freedom are parts of christian practice. |
| Hundred Years War | a series of separate wars that lasted from 1337-1453. The house of Valois and the house of Plantagenet disputed who controlled the crown in england and france. |
| Ignatius loyola | ex-soldier who founded the jesuits during the catholic reformation |
| indulgences | a payment made by one who has sinned and wishes to have that sin absolved to avoid going to purgatory |
| Huguenots | French followers of Calvinism. Henry IV was one of them at one point. |
| elect | denotes one who has been selected by divine will for salvation |
| Mennonites | A subgroup of anabaptists who emphasized adult baptism |
| peter waldo | (1140-1218) founded the waldensians, translated the bible into "modern" tongue |
| John Wycliff | (1328-1384) English theologian who founded the lollards. Criticized church for being to worldly, felt that the papacy was not supporting people |
| lollards | followers of John wycliff |
| Schmalkaldic League | defensive alliance of lutheran princes within the roman empire, founded 1531 |
| Innocent III | pope from 1198 to death. reasserted papal power through "the liberty of the church" |
| Jesuits | the followers of Jesus as created by Loyola. They built schools and universities, and set a good example in an attempt to win back converts. |
| Knights | the second level of the feudal system. they were higher in social ranking than peasants, but were under the control of nobles. |
| Leo X | (1475-1521) Pope famous for selling indulgences for saint peters basilica. Challenged the 95 theses |
| Letter of credit | like a modern day credit card, it eliminated the hassle of having to carry currency and having the exact payment with the promise of paying later |
| martin luther | (1483-1546) german priest and theologian. Contributed to the protestant reformation and went against the church. Created the 95 theses |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | (1469-1527) Italian philosopher during the renaissance, but also wrote plays. Wrote other texts such as "the prince" and "the art of war" |
| masaccio | (1401-1428) first great painter of the quattrocento period. moved away from goth and was first to use linear perspective. |
| the medicis | wealthiest family in europe for centuries. Started with cosimo in florence, where the family were bankers. Giovanni medeci became pope at one point. All were connected with the banking guild and unofficially held high political power |
| guy fawkes | (1570-1606) Italian person who planned to assassinate King James 1 to restore a catholic monarch to the throne. Did this with the gunpowder plot, which failed. |
| Merchants | a businessman who trades in goods in order to make a profit |
| protestant ethic | based upon the notion that the Calvinist emphasis on the necessity for hard work as a component of a person's calling and worldly success and as a sign of personal salvation. |
| Jan Hus | (1372-1415) priest, philosopher, burned at the stake for texts considered heresy by the church, after he did not confess to heresy |
| poor men of lyons | a group organized by peter waldo, later becoming the waldensians |
| Michelangelo | (1475-1564) Renaissance artist . Most famous works are the David and the Sistine chapel ceiling. Worked for the medici in florence. |
| Locke | (1632-1704) Philosopher and theologian who proposed that all people at have the capability to work together. improved upon the idea of a Social Contract |
| Missionaries | a member of a religious group to carry on ministries of the "Word of God" |
| monasticism/monks | a religious way of life characterized by the practice of renouncing worldly pursuits to fully devote one's self to spiritual work. |
| 95 theses | a text by martin luther, concerning papal authority and indulgences |
| palazzo del signori | an L shaped square in front of the palazo vecchio in florence |
| peasants revolt | a revolt by in 1381 by peasants. Although it failed, it brought attention to social class, and marked the beginning of the end of serfdom |
| peasants | workers on a land plot, owned by vassals. Lowest in social class |
| Petrarch | (1304-1374) considered to be the father of humanism. Was an italian scholar and poet |
| The plague | this wiped out a third of europes population during the 14th century |
| Pope/papcy | the church in general. The pope is the head of all religious matters. |
| Phillip II of spain | (1527-1598) ruled one of the largest empires, and Married Mary I |
| "New Monarchs" | 15th century European rulers who were able to create a stable and central government. Henry VIII was one |
| printing press | a device used to create identical copies of text in faster way than writing all of it out |
| Protestantism | the faith and practice of the protestants. First comprised of calvinists |
| Northern Renaissance | A renaissance starting in the late 15th century. Works of art were brought in by king francis I, and he commissioned artists such as Leonardo da vinci to create more artwork for him and build grand palaces |
| Renaissance man | a person whose expertise spans a significant number of different subject areas |
| Protestant Reformation | the European Christian reform movement that established Protestantism as a constituent branch of contemporary Christianity. |
| Republic | a form of government in which power is given to the people, in that they choose their leader |
| Roman Empire | the empire established by Augustus in 27 bc and divided by Theodosius in ad 395 into the Western or Latin and Eastern or Greek Empire |
| Sacraments | the rites of baptism, confirmation, the Eucharist, penance, anointing of the sick, ordination, and matrimony. |
| Santa Maria novella | A church in Florence. The church was designed by two Dominican friars, Fra Sisto Fiorentino and Fra Ristoro da Campi. |
| Signori | the government of medieval and renaissance Florence. Its nine members, the Priori, were chosen from the ranks of the guilds of the city: six of them from the major guilds, and two from the minor guilds. |
| social mobility | the degree to which an individual or group's status is able to change in terms of position in the social hierarchy. |
| three-field system | the practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons for various benefits |
| vassals | one who enters into mutual obligations with a monarch, usually of military support and mutual protection, in exchange for land |
| Wittenburg | a town in Germany in the Bundesland Saxony-Anhalt, on the river Elbe. University there established by Martin Luther |
| wool guild | a guild for the producers of wool goods |
| zwingli | (1484-1531) a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. |
| Thomas Hobbes | (1578-1679) an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy. His 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation for most of Western political philosophy from the perspective of social contract theory. |
| Age of reason | regarded as being the start of modern philosophy, and a departure from the medieval approach, especially Scholasticism. |
| scientific revolution | a period when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led to a rejection of doctrines that had prevailed starting in Ancient Greece |
| civil society | totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning society |
| Councilor movement | the idea that ecclesiastical disputes should be solved at councils |
| Franciscan | a friar, sister, or lay member of a Christian religious order founded in 1209 by St. Francis of Assisi, or of an order based on Franciscan rule. |
| Dominican | a member of the Roman Catholic order of preaching friars founded by St. Dominic |
| the gunpowder plot | a failed assassination attempt against King James I of England and VI of Scotland by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby. |
