| A | B |
|---|
| humanism | an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics |
| humanities | study of subjects such as grammar |
| Petrarch | he assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts preserving the works of Cicero |
| comprehend | understand; take in |
| emerge | develop; rise from; become known |
| Florence | the city that produced many Renaissance artists and scholars with the support of the Medici family |
| patron | a person who provides financial support for the arts |
| perspective | artistic technique used to give paintings and drawings a three-dimensional effect |
| Leonardo da Vinci | an artist who made sketches of flying machines centuries before the first airplane |
| Michelangelo Buonarroti (Michelangelo) | famous sculptor |
| Raphael Sanzio da Urbino (Raphael) | was an artist who is best known for his tender portrayals of the Madonna |
| Baldassare Castiglione | author who wrote The Book of the Courtier |
| Niccolò Machiavelli | wrote a guide for rulers on how to gain and keep power |
| Johan Gutenberg | started a printing revolution in Europe |
| Flanders | a thriving trading region where the northern Renaissance began |
| prosperous | successful; wealthy |
| Albrecht Dürer | German painter who studied the masters in Italy and helped spread Renaissance ideas to northern Europe |
| engraving | art form in which an artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid and then uses the plate to make multiple prints |
| vernacular | everyday language of ordinary people |
| Erasmus | one of the most important scholars during the Renaissance; he wrote texts on a number of subjects |
| Thomas More | English humanist who pressed for social reform; wrote a book called Utopia describing an ideal society |
| utopian | idealistic or visionary |
| William Shakespeare | English poet and playwright who was the most prolific figure of Renaissance literature |
| indulgences | in the Roman Catholic Church |
| Martin Luther | German monk and professor of theology who was the catalyst of the Protestant Reformation |
| Wittenberg | a city in Germany where Johann Tetzel was selling indulgences |
| radical | extreme; calling for change |
| doctrine | practice; teaching |
| Charles V | Holy Roman Emperor who called Luther to a Diet at Worms |
| diet | assembly or legislature |
| John Calvin | a Swiss reformer who put forth the idea of predestination |
| predestination | the idea that God long ago decided who would be saved and who would not |
| Geneva | a city-state in Switzerland where the people asked John Calvin to set up a theocracy |
| theocracy | a government run by religious leaders |
| sect | a religious group that has broken away from an established church |
| Henry VIII | king of England who created the Church of England so he could divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn |
| Mary Tudor | the only surviving child of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon; she eventually becomes the Queen of England |
| Thomas Cranmer | was appointed by Henry VIII as archbishop of the new Church of England and he annulled Henry's marriage to Catherine; was burned at the stake by Mary Tudor |
| Elizabeth | daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII |
| canonize | recognize a person as a saint |
| compromise | an agreement in which each side makes concessions; an acceptable middle ground |
| Council of Trent | established by the pope in 1545 |
| Ignatius of Loyola | Spanish knight who founded the Jesuits |
| Teresa of Avila | was a nun who did not believe convent life was not strict enough so she formed her own order; her spiritual writings rank among the most important Christian texts of her time |
| rigorous | strict; thorough |
| ghetto | separate section of a city where members of a minority group are forced to live |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | proposed a heliocentric model of the universe |
| heliocentric | based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe |
| Tycho Brahe | Danish astronomer who provided evidence that supported Copernicus's theory |
| Johannes Kepler | German astronomer and mathematician |
| Galileo | Italian astronomer who set up a telescope and observed Jupiter's moons rotating around Jupiter |
| contradict | to go against |
| Francis Bacon | English scientist who stressed experimentation and observation |
| René Descartes | French scientist who emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding |
| scientific method | careful |
| hypothesis | an unproved theory accepted for the purposes of explaining certain facts or to provide a basis for further investigation |
| Robert Boyle | English chemist who refined the view of chemicals as basic building blocks |
| Isaac Newton | showed that gravity keeps planets in orbit |
| gravity | force that pulls objects in Earth's sphere to the center of Earth |
| calculus | a branch of mathematics in which calculations are made using special symbolic notations; developed by Isaac Newton |
