| A | B |
|---|
| Law of Dominance | "In the F1 generation produced by purebreeding parents with opposite traits for the same character, one trait will show 100% and the other trait will disappear." |
| Law of Independent Assortment | "Traits that are combined in the parents will mix randomly in the offspring." |
| Law of Segregation | "When parents make gametes, the pair of factors for that trait must separate, with one from each pair going to a different gamete." |
| Separation of homologous pairs during meiosis I | Explains Mendel's law of segregation |
| Homologous pairs lining up randomly at the equator during metaphase I and II | Explains Mendel's law of independent assortment |
| Defective (mutated) genes no longer work | Explains Mendel's law of dominance for traiots like albinoism |
| Pea plants | Chosen because they grow fast, produce lots of offspring, and are easy to crossbreed and inbreed |
| 9:3:3:1 | The ratio of phenotypes Mendel got after performing dihybrid crosses |
| Homozygous | Both alleles are identical for a particular character |
| Heterozygous | Genotype contains two different alleles for a certain character |
| "Characters are controlled by pairs of 'factors' that do not blend like paint." | Mendel's BIG IDEA |
| recessive allele | The trait that is not expressed in a hybrid |
| dominant allele | The trait that is expressed in a hybrid |
| Punnett square | A graphic representation of all possible outcomes from a cross |
| Incomplete dominance | Also known as blending, when two different traits within the same character can mix to produce a third, intermediate phenotype |
| Complete dominance | The genetic pattern Mendel observed |
| Multiple alleles | When a character has more than two alleles, like human ABO blood typing |
| Pleiotropy | When a single gene has multiple effects in an organism rather than just one effect |
| Epistasis | When genes at one locus effect genes at another locus |
| Locus | The place on a chromosome where a gene is located |
| Polygenic inheritance | Characters that are controlled by multiple genes at different loci that combine to produce a gradation of blending phenotypes |
| Pedigree | A graphic "map" of a family's genetic history |
| Cystic fibrosis | A lung disease caused by a recessive allele |
| Tay-Sachs | A lipid metabolism caused by a defective gene |
| Huntington's disease | A degenerative disease with late onset |
| CVS | A way to test a fetus for genetic disorders using placental tissue |
| amniocentesis | A way to test a fetus for genetic disorders using cells from the fluid around the fetus |
