| A | B |
|---|
| "Genes are organized into linear groups on chromosomes." | Morgan's BIG IDEA |
| "The frequency of genes crossing over can be used to map their order on a chromosome." | Sturtevant's BIG IDEA |
| fruit flies | Used for genetic research because they are easy to grow, reproduce fast, and can be selectively bred easily |
| white eyed male | Morgan's original mutant |
| sex-linked genes | Genes that are located on the chromosomes that determine sex |
| w | Wild eyes |
| w+ | white eyes |
| recombinant type | Phenotype produced by crossing over |
| parental type | phenotype produced without crossing over |
| linkage map | shows estimated distances between gene loci based on crossover frequency |
| The X-O system | How sex is determined in most insects |
| The haplo-diplo system | How sex is determined in socail insects like bees |
| The X-Y system | How sex is determined in mammals |
| hemophilia | a human blood disease caused by a defective gene on the X chromosome |
| x inactivation | Produces a mosaic mix of phenotypes in one organism |
| Barr body | An inactivated X chromosome |
| nondisjunction | homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I |
| aneuploidy | when gametes end up with an abnormal chromosome count |
| karyotype | A photo of chromosomes arranged by size, in pairs |
| trisomic cell | A gamete with three copies of the same chromosome |
| monosomic | A cell missing one member of a homologous pair |
| polyploid | A cell with extra copies of ALL chromosomes |
| 4N | tetraploid |
| 3N | triploid |
| 2N | diploid |
| N | haploid |
| translocation | when a section of chromosome carrying a gene changes location in the genome |
| deletion | when a section of chromosome is removed |
| duplication | when a section of a chromosome is copied and added |
| inversion | when a section of chromosome is taken out, flipped, and re-inserted |
| Down Syndrome | trisomy 21 |
| Klinefelter Syndrome | XXY male |
| Turner Syndrome | X_ female |
| genomic imprinting | When the maternal or paternal history of a chromosome has an effect on its expression |
| extranuclear DNA | DNA that is inherited independent of nuclear DNA |
| mitochondrial DNA | inherioted only through maternal line |
